That the Ordinary Extraordinary Be (Motivation for Writing)

This paper we publish the reasons I hope to be a motivation for reading, to be able to start something positive from the things that are considered small or even trivial. – Red –

This is just a reflection or a kind of a learning process and can also be a motivation to the front so that better, more productive, more meaningful and contains, posts which can be published.

This is not anything, just bear in mind, a kind of flashback or writings about the birth of the very top of the gift of the creator, the motivation of other writers, even the motivation of people terdekatku, who always inspired, to continue writing, even if it is still simple.

Alhamdulillah, it appeared that any posts that my article entitled “Adolescent mischief or naughtiness Parents,” which I try munculkan in www.ubb.ac.id, visited by thousands of people as readers. Subhanallah that much fun reading it. Because the contents of return may be ‘because it is a portrait of daily life that always surround or accompany our lives. He continues to exist and appear from time kewaktu, in seconds, minutes, hours, days, months and even years. Like a circle that is not lost. Dido adolescents is a phenomenon which is very interesting for peeled out. But the more interesting is the mischievousness of the parents.

The desire to write, it is not easy, it takes a strong desire, sometimes feel lazy to write to us so terrible whack. But if the spirit again, writing that can be completed in one day, even in a matter of minutes. But there were also words that can be completed in 1 week. In fact, many can be any posts for months can not be completed. This is the fact that I often experienced.

Inspiration to write when I can sometimes be on the way back and forth, and one can complete the writing. But it can only write in my mind, not through a sketch. He just settle into imaji, after the application you want to in any posts that break all the ideas, not missing berbekas. It is true what the author said Asma Nadia productive, that when the idea emerged to write, any posts cepatlah poured through, do not delay in, because later it will disappear as such.

There are things that are very interesting, one of any posts I can not be completed until a week, there are about ten pages. Was amazed when it was also a strong desire that appears, then any posts we will flow like water, writing me, entitled “What You Find Varca?”, Or can be born only a few days.

All words that appear because of the intervention of many other people who can become inspirator, via any posts they can be used as reference texts available. Thanks to all the parties that the idea has become writings available. Because they are in fact first wrote about the problems adolescent mischief that eventually become a reference material in this paper. Especially to God, because only he who is able to move my hands and able to write to me. The writings are far from perfect, is very simple and many kekurangannya. Thanks to the visitors that God is willing to move the heart and want to read these articles. Hopefully useful.
Written By : Dra. Rustinah

Phenomena and Role of Citizen Journalism Blogger Indonesia for Internet Journalism

It is correct what is said by Steve Outing in the writings of “The 11 Layers of Citizen Journalism”, the term citizen journalism at this time to be One of the Hottest Buzzword in the world of journalism.

It’s outdated and behind the words of this. Citizen journalism spoken by anyone who observed the development of the media, both those in the circle in the media, such as practitioners, kru and media owners, and those outside the media, observers such as the media. Less gaul, it seems, if the issue behind this.

For those who have long read the dynamics of the world of journalism in the most esensinya, citizen journalism is actually only a problem in each term.

Spiritnya remain the same as public journalism or civic journalism in the famous 80-an. That is, things are not what makes journalism a more ranah is solely occupied by journalists.

Predominantly in the sense produced, managed, and disseminated by the media institutions, in the name of business or political interests.

So, what the difference between public journalism phenomenon with rame-rame soal citizen journalism now? There. The difference, I think, lies in the progress of media technology, so that the spirit of participatory public involvement in defining the issues terakomodasi.

In addition, advances in technology make access to public media to enter the journalism ranah open. Enthusiasm, once again, remain the same. That is, the public journalism approach. The difference, open source in the present had the course, when the more developed media technology.

Definition of Citizen Journalism

Basically, there is no change of activity of journalism is defined around the activity collect, process, and disseminate news. Citizen journalism basically involves such activities.

However, if in conventional journalism pemaknaan (suddenly become old journalism school after citizen journalism appear), who is a journalist event, now the public can also participate and do things that ordinary journalists conducted in media institutions. Therefore, Shayne Bowman and Chris Willis then defines citizen journalism as’ … the act of citizens playing an active role in the process of collecting, reporting, analyzing, and disseminating news and information. “

There are several terms associated with the concept of citizen journalism. Public journalism, advocacy journalism, participatory journalism, participatory media, open source reporting, distributed journalism, citizens media, advocacy journalism, grassroot journalism, until we-the media.

Civic journalism, according to Wikipedia, not because of citizen journalism done by the journalist even though enthusiasm is still senada with public journalism, which is (more) serve the public with the public issues.

Citizen journalism is a specific form of citizen media with the content coming from the public. In Indonesia, the terms appear to citizen journalism or participatory journalism is journalism citizen.

J.D. Lasica, in Online Journalism Review (2003), mengategorikan media citizen journalism into 5 types:

1. Audience participation (such as komenter user who is attached to news stories, personal blogs, photos or video      footage captured from handycam private, or local news written by community members).
2. Web site news or information independent (Consumer Reports, Drudge Report).
3. Pure participatory news sites (OhmyNews).
4. Collaborative media sites (Slashdot, Kuro5hin).
5. Other forms of media from the ‘thin’ (mailing list, e-mail newsletter).
6. Private broadcasting sites (video broadcasting sites, such as KenRadio).

There are at least two things that bring style citizen journalism such as this now.

First, a commitment to public voices.
Second, advances in technology that change the landscape mode of communication.

Public journalism is associated with the frequent advocacy journalism concept because some media does not move any further with the issue, but also mengadvokasikan issues to become a “product” or “action” – mengegolkan laws, adding the city parks, open classes for minority groups, forming the government watch, establish a commission supervisor mayor candidates campaign, and others.

Public or citizen journalism hyperlocalism also associated with the commitment that is Luarbiasa on local issues, the “small” (size for mainstream media), so that escape from the mainstream media coverage.

Public journalism with a base model like this most of the initiatives of the media institutions. Infinitude of progress and technology offered by the Internet to make such initiatives may appear from the consumer or audience.

Quite a lot of implications, not simply reinforce participatory aspects and issues raised.

Issues and Implications Citizen journalism

I believe that the advances in technology (communication) or change the landscape of social spaces we.

The development of citizen journalism has made incredible-I grew up in the tradition of Old School for Journalism invites a number of implications that are not small.

Some of them, which is observed by me, is as follows:

1. Open source reporting: changes to the news collection. Journalists do not become the sole collector of information. However, in the context of a journalist should also ‘compete’ with the audience, who provide firsthand reporting from the field.
2. Changes in the management of the news. Do not rely solely on open source reporting, the media is now no longer be the only manager news, but also must compete with the sites established by private citizens in the interest of the public as citizen journalism.
3. Mengaburnya limit the producers and consumers. Media often memosisikan as news producers, consumers now also become the news with a quote from the news sites citizens. Similarly, vice versa. Audience that is often positioned as a news consumer, within the scope of citizen journalism to become producers of news content is also accessible by mainstream media. Oh my God, duniaaa ….
4. Points 1-2-3 show audience as active participants in producing, mengkreasi, would also mendiseminasi news and information. This factor in turn create ‘a new balance-of power’ the new distribution of power. Threat of a new power (like if called as a threat) for the institution of the press not from the government and ideology, or fellow competitors, but from the audience or consumers who usually serve them!
5. Issues of professionalism: whether each of citizen journalism can be called a journalist? In fact, the citizen journalism slogan everybody could be a journalist! What bloggers can be referred to as the real journalist?
6. Ethical issue: whether the individual citizen journalism have to comply with the standards of journalism among journalists apply for this product so that it can be called a work of journalism? We are talking a matter of journalistic principle, which is taught in the journalist-can rule was still valid? Often, the discourse in frequent touch rule is a matter of journalistic objectivity coverage, and the credibility of journalists / media.
7. Regulatory issues: Is the regulation for the citizen journalism? Relation to ethics, professionalism, komersialiasi, quality and content.
8. Economic issues: the emergence of sites of citizen journalism that many visited cause economic consequences, namely the advertiser, which is not small. Press, according to Jay X is basically the media franchise franchise or public service in journalism.
9. If the citizen media and also now appear in the play ranah commercial, this is only a consequence ‘the enlarging of the media franchise. Economic issues are also invited another debate. If the contributor was citizen journalism news voluntarily entered, is now emerging debate how they should pay.

Have paid, of course there are standards that must be obeyed according bayarannya. Finally, this invite-entry issues of professionalism in the context of something that eventually even a certain ‘opposite’ with the spirit of citizen journalism.

How the fate the old school journalism in the future with the emergence of citizen journalism? Are old school tradition of journalism will still survive in the future?

That’s some issues that will always be raised and discussed in a seminar that talked any particulars citizen journalism.

Citizen Journalism in Indonesia

I started the public journalism phenomenon in mid-1990s. One thing that encourage me is whether the concept of development journalism or journalism of the curriculum taught in journalism studies in 1980-1995an (I was one of the products!) Is extant public journalism? I decided, NO.

First, aspects partisipatorinya not real. Fixed issue decided by the media (frequent top ‘blessing’ The Department of)-even though the slogan of development, anywhere, always declare subjugate themselves to the public.

Second, the ideology of development journalism is basically the ideology of development communication that have been bankrupt in the year 80-an (dibangkrutkan by its own penggagasnya as Everett M. Rogers), because they are too ideological, Utopian, and totalitarian.

I am interested in the geliat citizen journalism in Indonesia, through discussions with friends activist concerning open source reporting that seems to correct the senada posts Pepih Nugraha in Kompas daily, that the particulars of participatory journalism.

I follow Indonesiasatu.net who proclaim themselves as citizen journalism. Invitation to look in this site is convincing, with good looks tergarap (updatingnya albeit slowly), there are profiles of the example, but honestly just disappointed because I did not find anything different with the other daily.

It’s like reading the local news from local newspapers which can be accessed online via the local media, this site is no need to proclaim itself as the (figure) pengusung citizen journalism.

Hyperlocalism which I imagine is not like this. So many news hodgepodge without a clear idea of the structure, without the site visitor on the show this would actually be brought to Where.

This is pure open source reporting, but I wonder, what is citizen journalism exist (instead of citizen reporting)?

Pesta Blogger Indonesia strengthen the appeal citizen journalism. The growth in blogs indeed any phenomenon Luarbiasa – 13,000 established blog every day!.

But, when visiting some blogs that he said many in-hit, I only get foreverglo foreverglo-personal view is without importance for the public? (Although, just honest, I enjoy the personal foreverglo).

Or, what kind of public issue that can properly dimaknai from foreverglo is personal? I thought, blog are likely to open the open source reporting, a blog and blogger The growth conditions that are conducive to bring citizen journalism, but the blog just is not enough to be given predicate is pro-citizen journalism.

Citizen Journalism, in other words, is not that easy!

Of some phenomenon before, I learn many things. One of them is a matter of issue. I learned that from there to enter the world of citizen journalism, which seems to have brought not just the standard reporting capabilities and preparing news ala 5W + 1 H.

But it also matters how the issue of ‘the personal becomes public, the personal becomes public. Without it, I think, just get the public information series without meaning.

A citizen journalism site become the property of citizen, public property, if many visitors. Thus, the citizen journalism should be able to maintain the site contents, and to invite public participation, to open discussions in a clear frame (a matter of quality, so-so controversial).

Without all this, as well as any site, and any sebombastis slogan jurnalismenya, only to become a site-filled desert, comedy, dikeploki by their own managers. Unfortunately, because of the potential resources, so tersia anymore.

However, I am happy with the phenomenon of new and serious challenges that appear by citizen journalism.

I think the effect will be good for both of them, both for the public and the mainstream media. As the system of the press and strong dibingkai influenced by local culture, I also believe, citizen journalism exist alone in the end will vary according to the local community culture mengusungnya. (Source: rumahkiri.net)

Tradition of the Good Writing for Women

Women, Menulislah! For the sake of justice, equality, humanity and beauty

I think we should maraknya delighted to welcome the presence of women writers in Indonesia perbukuan Jagat. The more women who can express and disseminate ideas through any posts luaskan is a positive signal in the close community that we berkeadilan.

Realize it or not, the structure of society that is not just between women and men still occur in our society. The problem is not only gender inequality issues individu.Ada a set of paradigms that have been embedded in the head man who does not just apply to women. This is the issue of society, culture and country as a whole as a social system.

Language reflects the society that uses it. But on the community level where there are structures that gender bias and tend not fair to women, it is also reflected in the akan language. For example, we still only use the term Baby Tuna Susila (WTS), which is aimed at female sex workers. However, the term Male Tuna Susila as the ‘buyer’ of the services of women sex workers or men mucikari often not used. While prostitution activities will only take place according to the law and request a quote, which involved women and men. So why are women digelari ‘immoral’?

According to philosopher Michel Foucalt a mahzab Post-strukturalis, language summarize the knowledge about the world. If you want dikritisi, the language we use is not neutral but the media representations that play a role in the reproduction of meaning. So speak the language can not be disengaged from the relationship of power, especially in the formation of the subject and action representation in the community.

In a patriarchal society, the perempuanlah the lack of power or of power scarcity. So to improve the structure of a more equitable society, a strategy must be women who are talking! According to Foucalt against women must be a ’speaking subject’, which also means “the subject of the statement.”

Silence and quiet will be a shelter for power, then women should appear, and refused to speak as the object. As Helen Cixous, French feminist, it is very important for women to break kebisuan strategies reinforce the text with the speech and writing.

Then it is important for a woman to appear as the subject, in this case as the author. We as women have a moral obligation to utter sounds of women during this terbisukan for the world a more just, more equal, more humane, and (for women) as we impi-impikan.

Then, we menulislah for beauty. Fatimah Mernissi a Marokko feminist writing in the book Women’s rebellion and Islamic memory that the writing is better rather than operating pengencangan face or skin moisturizing cream.

Try to write every day. You will skin will be fresh
again due to the womb manfatnya the extraordinary! From the moment you
wake up, increase the activity Writing cells. With the first stroke
on the blank paper, bag under your eyes akan segera
vanish and your skin will feel fresh again. Towards the middle of the day,
it is on prime condition. Actively with the uterus,
strengthen the structure to write your epidermis. At the end of the day, wrinkle -
You are wrinkle and fade softly into your face again.

The secret is in writing is to create a supine into the full attention of readers. According to Fatimah so we have learned to write-deliver a message that is close to our hearts those who previously indifferent, now will put more attention to know what we should say. So that we do not need to rant so listen. To change the people around us, first we must change ourselves. Changes other than the consequences of changes in the attitudes we see ourselves and others. We must believe that we would submit something that is important and therefore must be submitted with a fine as well.

Of course we do not adopt the theory of Fatimah Mernissi, Writing = panacea for the ageless, is verbatim. Beauty is something that is inside-out. We can be a beautiful life because of our attitudes positive and productive work. Leave a face cream and diet pills. Take pen and paper, start writing. Write whatever. Inconvenience when we disuit-suiti men on the road, when we have irritation on the part of us that private body, the news we read the anger rape women in the newspaper. Whatever.

So women, menulislah! For the dream-vision about our world a more just, more equal, and more berkemanusiaan for women. Let the world can hear our perturbation-perturbation, our experiences, ideas mad we, the women. And, of course, become more beautiful with the standards that we have created yourself. Not only white, well-section, straight and blond long as the standards created by the community patriarkat this!

Analysis of the Jurnalism Citizen Media Blog, The Blogger, Journalism and Journalists

Bloggers vs. Journalists is over. That declaration Jay X back since January 2005. X is a journalism professor at New York University as well as author of a new horizon regard journalism.

“The problem now is not whether blogs can be journalism. Sometimes it can be. The problem now is not whether bloggers are journalists. Sometimes so.”

Almost senada with it is through ujaran Enda Nasution essay Journalists Are Bloggers =? Enda decided, “Not all bloggers are journalists and not all bloggers are journalists.” But Jay ujaran X and Enda Nasution vonis not debate over this issue.

In fact, until December 2007, still have no words that memojokkan blogger (citizen journalist). Former NBC correspondent, David Hazinski, through his writings in The Atlanta Journal-Constitution describes the trend of dependency on the television station reports to citizen, citizen journalism. For example, video posts such as non-professional program in iReports on CNN. In Indonesia, I have Witness in Metro TV.

Hazinski but also journalism professor at the University of Georgia. According to him, the difference between journalists and most of the news in a phone recording selulernya lies in the education, skills and standards. “Information without journalistic standards is called gossip,” simpulnya.

Robert Cox, president of Media Bloggers Association, said, bloggers tend to be deliberately provocative and sometimes hyperbolic. In fact, batch article can trap them, from the matter of slander, copyright infringement to privacy.

In Indonesia, Roy Suryo, of course, spokesperson for the opposition stronghold of rough / blogger outs, although then introduce pemilahan between good and bad bloggers. Conversely, there are a declaration that all people can be a journalist.

Washington lawyer, Scott Gant, unfurl argument through the book titled, We’re All Journalists Now year 2007. Sub-title, The Transformation of the Press and Reshaping of the Law in the Internet Age.

Basically, the idea, the freedom of the press is now not only traditional media monopoly, but also anyone who uses mobile phone, camera and video blogging software and other technology to report news and opinions to the world.

According to Ann Cooper, a title that may be more accurate to the book, though less sexy, is We Can All Be Journalists, If and When We Choose to Be. Ann Cooper teaches at Columbia’s Graduate School of Journalism. He was also the newspaper reporters, magazine and National Public Radio as well as executive director of the Journalist Protection Committee (Committee to Protect Journalists).

Through this is Ann Cooper, the debate two snapshots stronghold on my reading. Prior to the instigation, Cooper illustrates the trend concerning the traditional media journalists who also blog (somehow contains news and opinion) in the United States. Among others, journalists newspaper The New York Times at nytimes.com, and The Washington Post newspaper on washingtonpost.com.

In Indonesia, it is not difficult to find examples. Not all print media journalists blog, for example, only contains a re-posting the news that they have termuat in the medium. There are also many that contain sensitive, so no news termuat, unprinted stories.

Well, Ann Cooper goal to bring this debate is not melanggengkannya but try to find the middle road. He agreed on the idea of Jay’s X back in 2005. That is, the matter of marriage between the need to things the best of both stronghold for more quality journalism.

X via Cooper breathe term hybrid in the process, I meminjamnya recklessly as hybrids. So, as hybrid maize and the big winner, journalism is the best cross of the two would be the citadel of journalism to become a hybrid berkualiteit, quality.

“But (journalism) hybrid that requires sincere collaboration between old and new practitioners are serious about efforts to stabilize journalism and its mission to serve the public,” write Ann Cooper.

According to him, (body) the traditional media must repudiate some of the attitudes and assumptions no longer relevant, while the (body) need to absorb new media journalistic standard that can bring credibility and trust in this new journalism.

How the ideal model of cooperation that? How that is going on in the United States? Is it also happening in Indonesia? I will be happy to receive feedback concerning this.

Technical Writing How To Mass Media

All one can write
Except that is not obtain or non-formal education. The problem is, where and for what he is writing?

Mass media (newspapers, magazines, tabloids) provide so much room for the (potential) authors general, outside the usual rubric that filled the media with journalists. There are at least two rubric that can be used: letters and opinions of readers. Along with the development of technology, writing through short messages (SMS) are now able to appear in the newspaper.

But, writing in the mass media that many rules. Sure. The first rule, the media usually only receive the text in accordance with the vision, mission, character and their media. Akan political newspaper with a very open political writings, although still receive other types of any posts for a specific rubric, such as short story, poetry, the themes of education and Humanism, and others.

Second, the use of polite language (except in the media “esek-esek”, which I will not study here). Little control of language and its spelling that would-be do not want to become a prerequisite for prospective authors.

Third, the theme of a specific and actual. Daily newspapers forbid themes that musty. Themes that suck up the attention of many people that will last a long time, but when other events have a more “big”, a topic long before the entry category casserole.

Fourth, the idea any posts should be original (the original), not plagiarism. This is considered the most difficult by the author, because according to them to generate original ideas which at least required “kepakaran” in certain areas of the object into his writings.

But, what is that? Not necessarily.

As already mentioned, each person can write. And to be able to write in the mass media have tips and tricks to be done.

Exercise. That magic word, if we want to have the capability in all respects. Without exercise, what we want to do will not achieve “perfection.” Also in writing. We often hear the remark: “the only way to become writers is” write “.

Exercise does not need to write too thought how. Start from the diary. Yes diary. Or, if you blog literate, media blog is the most easy nowadays to practice writing. With the forum comments, the note can be assessed by us all. “Ah, I fear ntar criticized.”

Do not fear criticism. Think of free consultation. Tokh, our goal is to learn.

Diary, which is personal, not diremehkan. Book turbulence Islamic Thought by Ahmad Wahib also depart daily from the book. Not a Daily Note demonstrators by Soe Hok Gie.

Exercise of personal writing is in essence a business hone our sensitivity. Sensitivity is an important capital author. Sensitivity lead us to do, beropini, against, and respond to everything that happens around us. Sensitivity also deliver on our ideas.

So, start training now.

Plane sensitivity

ON previous discussion, we start to practice writing in a personal way as a plane sensitivity. In fact there are many other ways to sharpen sensitivity.

Reading, of course. Reading books, both fiction and nonfiksi. Opinion article in the mass media, short story or novel. In addition to sharpen intuition, reading is also a way to add insight and reference. Who knows any posts useful to us later.

Tivi Watch the news, other events, even including infotainmen land also can be a grind for us against a sensitivity case. Mass media as observers Veven Sp Wardhana must go one-two sinetron (although it does not have to follow to complete) to be critical to make any posts about it.

Chat, discussion can also sharpen knives as well as our analysis and expand the horizon of social networks. Do not forget the blog.

With input from the reading, show, chat, then the idea will arise, distrust, debate, answer questions, which can lead to the emergence of inspiration and ideas.

17 prohibition in writing opinions to Kompas

Kompas journalist Pepih Nugraha on the blog “leaking” 17 causes an article rejected by Opinion Desk Compass. They are:

1. Topic or theme under the current
2. Arguments and views are not new things
3. How prolonged continuous
4. Coverage is too local or micro
5. Disclosure and editorial support less
6. Context is less clear
7. Language is too scientific / academic, less popular
8. Description too short
9. Style of speech any posts / paper / lecture
10. Quote source unclear
11. Too many quote
12. Discussions less balanced
13. Description does not flow runut
14. Description does not open a new enlightenment
15. Description is intended to
16. Description is too flat
17. Paragraph pengetikan long-long

How to Find Back Ten Journalism

Howard Owens’s GateHouse Media have ten ways for journalists “find again” journalism. Here is the translation of his article titled “Ten things Journalists can do to reinvent journalism.”

* Stop writing for the front page. Too many journalists and I also like this as the first reporter to think that the front page is the only verification strong as their journalists. On the web, of course, there is no front page only time stamp. Better to write the true story rather anxious where akan editor to load the story in our print edition.

* Stop treating journalism like a competition. Indeed, the media fun, but it may not be the only reason to get the story. Want every story to get out of the first competitors will culminate in an error, either in the reporting process and to think how to handle the story. Economic value of the competitors on the day-to-day this can be spelled out a zero. Value as a source of information flow in a trusted long time is significant. This is not a points as opposed, be thought-if thought.

* Stop sending your story to the race writing / reporting. This will only encourage you to write for other journalists, not for your readers.

* See your readers better. Esteem every small sincere compliment. If that is the form of a letter or postcard, paste in your bulletin board; if the form of email, and paste cetaklah also there. Make sincere praise as the destination of day-to-day. Stop the look of criticism that complain about every thing you do newspapers.

* Enter more people in your stories and fewer titles. I will compose a special regulation, but for each title, you must cite two people who have no degree. So, if you cover city council and mayor and quoted council member, you also need to enter a four-person without a degree. Real people. Give the pressure on the perceived impact of ordinary people, not just what people are saying about an issue or incident. Try to see how many stories about the city council that you can write in a month without even calling elected officials / appointed.

* Do not cover the process. Liputlah actual story. The story is actually a normal person, with real things that would say that about real things that affect their lives.

* Kuasai a subject that you liput. You need to understand more coverage of all your sources. This will help you avoid “perhaps he said.” Make you more able to write stories in, and give you the confidence to add perspective. You also will be able to dig up more of the story better.

* Forget the false-belief objectivity. Instead, berusahalah fair, honest, not aligned, and accurate.

* Be accurate. Ever. Being accurate is not just getting the facts correct. He approaches to guide you to a full story. Some of the be accurate means you never exaggerate. Never. You will not fry the conflict had only one page story that the more fun. You will not ever cut the quote so that more dramatic, or work in order to emphasize a atiknya things.

* The withdrawal Liputlah community you home and hope that you are so Involve yourself in community and care about people. Although the reality may be, and you may need to move a day later, at least when you’re covering a group of people, thoughts arise that you will live forever cover the city, or this topic.

The idea that the source is not ever dry

When you see in your life as a source of inspiration for any posts, you find the experience, ideas, thoughts, feelings, challenges, and expectations that now make yourself like this. In keseharianmu life, property located to the abundant life menulismu. Therefore, selamilah own life, examine carefully what you have Go, feel, think, and recognize, and in the process, you may learn more about what you esteem, what you need, and what you can give to the world. Words can be the agent of change. When you write about things that you want and you impikan, appetite-started to show this tendency more apparent (as if you can pour it all into words, you can also see how mewujudkannya). You can also use any posts to help you focus on impianmu, memilah-milah perasaanmu, who you actually think, and understand life. This is the power of language.
SPECIAL REPORTS ABOUT ITS KELAHIRANMU
Imagine, if when born, you are smart talk and a mini microphone tertempel in a tiny hand. Of course you can record, for the time when, day kelahiranmu incredible detail. Kelahiranmu told story can help you better understand the origin-usulmu. This is a story – and celebration – the road to explore the wider world. Writing about this event help you learn more about how life began and how you arrived at the place now. When muasalmu-examine the origin, you may begin to see forces of the time, and has established mencetakmu.
Start with research. Talk with your mother, father, or other person who attended on the day you were born. Or, see the notes that can flash the day: kelahiranmu of teaching license, adopsimu notes (if you can see it), baby book. Write every detail important.
Now, use imajinasimu to imagine the room where you were born. Whether it is in the hospital, a room in someone’s house, maybe even in the staircase or a taxi? Will be place with the neon lights or the sun? Gambarkan detail in the landscape of life. Who menunggui kedatanganmu? Gambarkan birth process as though you feel: What is painful? Whether fast, slow, or between both of them? Will you fight? Are you pushing yourself to help out?
Imagine yourself leaving the cocoon hangatmu time for a new life outside of there. How do I feel the air flow olehmu? Are you the first time exposed to sunlight, or feel comfortable menjengkelkanmu? How do I see first time your mother and feel sentuhannya, while during the time you only know from the sound and working heart, lungs, stomach and other organs?
Is your father there to menyambutmu? Is there any other special blanket membungkuskan help you? Who memegangmu first time? What you see when you open the eyes? Seraplah to all pages in kertasmu.
Songs NINABOBOMU
At a certain time, each person will need to be appeased, entertained, and informed that all good things only. Sometimes, the adults go when the pressure makes you feel like like mad, and you need a small corner of the world that love, soft, and receive.
Tulisanmu can become the point of this. You can write anything that disrupt pikiranmu, makes you mad, angry, sad, or confused. And then, you can write a song about ninabobomu. The song “Ninabobo” are songs that menentramkan. He can make the baby quiet, stop crying, relax, and fall asleep again. Songs that help babies feel digendong, beloved, and be embraced by someone who pity.
How do you? You can write your own for a song, poem, story, or letter that can be menenangkanmu. In fact, you can also create a dialogue between you and the angry edge, with which you still and quiet. That way, you can identify what that brings peace and makes you feel safe and confident. Save karyamu that in the private and read when you feel annoyed, distracted, entertained or need.
Sometimes, the act of simply writing a song, story, or letter “Ninabobo” can menentramkan and calm. If you as a wicked thing, see if the writing can menenangkanmu. If this does not work for you, try a sport, talk to a friend, or in breathing.
The note “Ninabobo” designed to lull. In fact, the word “Ninabobo” be gentle and calm. Words in each song “Ninabobo” usually soft, melt one another, and emphasize the vowel sound. You rarely hear the words sharp as a noise or lightning in the song “Ninabobo”. Instead, you hear words like silent, sleep, baby, terlelap, like, hours, and dream. When you write “Ninabobo”-mu, use soft words, and quiet.
Just for fun, you can deliver and do exercises this step further. Circle each verb (action word) in any posts ninabobomu; and see the letter first. (For example, the rest start with I.) For each of the verb be surrounded, replace with a verb that begins with the next letter. So, if I katamu begin with, search for a word that begins with the letter J. (Hint: Select the word that sounds calm and menentramkan, but do not spend time trying to think whether they make sense for any posts listed in ninabobomu.) Write each new word on the word that digantikannya.
Listen to what happens when you hear ninabobomu any posts that have been fixed. What changes mengejutkanmu word? Will add a new meaning? A special meaning? What to tell something about yourself?
Write a dream-MIMPIMU
Have in Xanadu Kubla Khan a stately Golf fun with Where Alpen, the sacred river, ran a cave that does not penetrate human terkirakan So do not go down to the sea bermentari Thus these lines early poems “Kubla Khan, a Vision in a Dream, a fragment” , the work of poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge as Romantic Zaman (late 1700’s, early 1800-an). Poetry is inspired by a dream. In dreams, about Coleridge’s vision get Xanadu, where a luminous light that is inhabited by the Great Khan Mongolian Mongolia during most of the region of the world. When awake, Coleridge reach some paper and start mencoretkan words to absorb penglihatannya.
However, before completing puisinya, he disela by the arrival of a guest. When complete return means puisinya, Coleridge can not remember the rest of the more penglihatannya: poetry is not resolved, and only a fragment.
Thanks to the natural unconscious, the dream a reality memungkinkanmu experience on another channel, and even if you do not control “pemrogramannya”, you can take what you experienced and menuangkannya in tulisanmu. Can reveal a dream of words, effects, shadows, or sounds that can grant instructions about what you write, how to prepare the sentence, or title. Increase the supply of a dream kreativitasmu new wells in a while you sleep, trigger effects, characters, scenery or new, that can be used in tulisanmu. The various possibilities, such as mimpimu.
You dreamed you follow the important exam. You sit at the table, see ujianmu, and realize new exam paper is written in Spanish. However, you are not through a test subject and Spain can not speak in that language at all! Who had experienced something like this? Use this as a dream as an inspiration story, about someone who may try to follow the test, but encountered delays and conflicts, which can be anything you imagine. Or, write an essay about the test-doubtfulness sinking feeling in the muddy swamp that you feel in your bellies and how it makes ujianmu far more difficult to go.
Many writers keep a daily record book or notes on the side of the bed so that, when awake, they can record the ideas that appear in the night. Like Coleridge’s vision, a dream can be passed quickly: tangkaplah them in any posts so that they are not vague wordless.
AUTHOR Corner
The companion Dreamer: A Young Person Guide to understanding and using Dreams Them Creatively by Stephen Phillip Policoff (Chicago: Chicago Review Press, 1997). A natural guide to the mysterious unconscious, this book is to explore how dreams are formed and how to interpret history mimpimu own. The Dream Scene by Alison Bell (Los Angelas juvenile Lowell House, 1994). This book can help you learn how to interpret the dream-mimpimu, make a dream diary, and use dreams to help solve the problem.
Writing from the dream-mimpimu not only trigger a variety of ideas, but also bring new insights into caramu think and feel, and what you want or takutkan. Sometimes, the shadow of a dream and the emotions so strong so that when awakened, difficult to know whether indeed the case or not.
To write from the dream-mimpimu:
# Take a shadow, the characters, events, objects, places, or feelings of mimpimu and terangkan in tulisanmu. What terpikirkan about the meaning of that dream? Whether a person or object in a dream that represent something else?
# Some people believe that the characters in the dream represent aspects which are different from kepribadianmu. To explore this theory, write a dialogue between the characters in mimpimu, mengasumsikan them as a different body part. Try to think about the kepribadianmu which is represented by each character. For the reality and dream together:
# Get a real incident and write as though the dream. For example, you may see the movie Titanic with someone in a blind date, the dreadful breathing, always rely on lenganmu, and did not want to share the popcorn. Because you are moving to the real life dream world, you can blink and eye switch dates that are less comfortable with Leonardo DiCaprio or Kate Winslet. That mimpimu, then anything can happen

Writing in a Children’s Culture

Writing activities, in essence, is an activity that is done either by children. With writing, children’s creativity can be improved. Thus one of the reasons for the write-contention Mirian Caryn Goldberg in his book, “Reviews of Aja Bete!”.

With writing, like a child immerse themselves in the creative process. Because while he was writing, it means that the child creates something, that also means that orbit the questions, the doubts and confusion, until finally find a solution. And when the creative process is more trained, the child will be more easy to move expertise to other sectors which also require creative solutions, such as schools and other activities.

Of this writing activities children can also benefit, including the following.

* Children can express perasaannya about what is experienced in writing.
* Children can unify mind when pouring ideas with words.
* Children can show love for one another, for example, writing a letter with thanks or birthdays to parents, friends, or even teachers.
* Children can increase the recall in a way to create and write the information about something.

Writing the KIAT CULTURE ON CHILDREN

Given the many benefits of writing for children, cultural ditumbuhkembangkan need to write about. For that, first, first love and tumbuhkan habits in children to read. One thing to remember, writing is very different from talking. Of course communication via any posts tend to be more difficult. However, not a whisper and could not cry, such as when to speak, realized in the form of writing. However, ingenuity is required for revealing language. And read into the solution. With a lot of reading, children will feel kebahasaan developed.

When new children start writing, do not need to teach grammar to children. Most ketatabahasaan this knowledge is developed so that children can be little by little. Naturally, children will learn to speak the language of their hearing. Children will also learn to write in a language they read, of course if they read as many books are inputs for both the text.

Demanding perfection any posts children think that the framework is to make it a bad author. Not only eliminate creativity and fun, it can also cause paralysis of the author. Use words of praise as an effective way to motivate children in writing. For suggestions and criticisms on any posts child, wait until the children truly begin the writers themselves because at the time they are more interested in how to write better. However, still try to give advice and criticism in a way that carefully.

One thing that also needs to be avoided is to read any posts without permission of their children. Do not ever do it! Show only if you are interested in any posts to read them and ask first and do not force or steal, steal children to read any posts. In addition, children do not censoring any posts. Writing a child truly can not usually received only seasonal. Do not worry when it happens because this period will also end. Cheer up and be grateful just because the child shows that such writings to you. That means they trust you.

Like to read, write children’s tastes can vary. Therefore, doronglah them to write something that they senangi. Not a problem any posts what type of child. In fact, the more kinds of any posts you make, the more skilled they become well.

Following four forms of writing activities that can be done in order to write on the culture of children.

1. Writing Poetry
Writing poetry is an easy way to start a business culture in the writing of children. Writing poetry can arouse a sense kebahasaan through the game with words and sentence structure. Although the writing of poetry may not be liked by all children, we can provide various forms of poetry to show the children that poetry is easy to make and fun to express feelings and ideas mind.
2. Write a sentence description
Activities undertaken to write this way, children write a sentence-sentence description of the images they have. For example, the horse picture. Children get a horse through the writing. The text can be installed under the picture of the child horse. Write a description of these activities can stimulate children to reveal a shape / object that the child understood through writing.
3. Write a Prayer
Write down the prayer is not meant to show children how to communicate with God. However, this can help children to better understand the application of prayer that was delivered and set up a delivery idea. Writing at a time of prayer can also help children to know how God said their prayers.
4. Write a Daily Journal, or Notes
Write a diary or journal writing can be a good activity for children. This activity can create intimate relationships between children’s activities and correspondence. This also can make the children see how the strong writing and insight on the many day-to-day experience of the children’s writing.

In the end, to the culture of writing on the child, the child will need to write dibiasakan with writing itself and the writing activity as a matter of fun. Need hard work, patience, and guidance for achieved. But the result, children will benefit quotes throughout his life through this event.

Writing, Tradition The Great People

Newspapers for the newspaper, I check. For the newspaper Monday to Saturday, the process more quickly. Usually any posts about art rarely throughout the six days. Meanwhile, for the Sunday newspaper, carefully enough. Paginal review. Several minutes later, the newspaper has been reduced stack. Until the end I did not take long for fun reading the newspaper storiette Mustafa Bisri in Media Indonesia. Name Mustafa Bisri snap me! I often hear. But this is another. Either because of what the. Cerpennya times this makes me speechless. Mustafa Bisri Who? Often, once I read his name in the mass media. Mustafa Bisri whether that is the same as Mustafa Bisri who write books, or books introduction gives another person? I suspect so.
Approximately one week before that day, I menyempatkan themselves to the campus library. Wow, amazing. There is progress. On the notice board there is paper that contains information tertempel books new. STAIN types on campus who do not have a way I think literature has a great sekoleksi novels and poetry books.
In the library, I always menyempatkan into a special room just for terkagum-impressed. While menggelang-head bracelet, hand-off waist. The entire wall of the room disandari high-high rack. The middle is not precisely melompong left. Shelves of the same level so that there dijajarkan-lane alley. I can only hit in the chest-lane alley that. Because all books are written with the Arabic language and each title to dozens of volumes with the thickness is very unusual compared to the books Indonesia.
I seriously feel strange to them, the author of the books. The problem is the average age they do not reach a hundred years. Meanwhile, they write books that not only one title, but dozens. For a title can reach 15 volumes with the thickness of each volume setebal History of God and Holy War is Karen Armstrong.
And remember a day when I still mesantren. Kiai said about Imam Sibawaih, a theologian of the author. Usually done by the Imam, the day-to-day, perhaps only to write. I never heard Kiai told how the priest can eat. Until the most interesting story I know. That almost all her books, writing books and other people who burned his wife, written just because his wife since the marriage was never touched. The Imam sure if he memunyai something other than books because it wrestled with the book is very mengasyikan. Imam Sibawaih addition, Kiai also told there are scholars (scientists) who died because of suppressed books by the fall of raknya.
The story a little odd for me to be reasonable when I was in the room is a special library STAIN. When all the walls, shelves disandari almost reached the ceiling. In the middle of the room can be put shelves of the same level. So to be rational if the rack is full by the book can be shut off if I suppress it or scientists.
They, the author was indeed extraordinary. Can only be if they did not write, we will not know the extent to which many thoughts running past, the extent to which achievement of moral depth. Because verbal communication, one for the lack of certain features. Sound is missing along with the speaker talking berhentinya. But here Plato has become a very meritorious record the teacher’s wisdom, Sokrates. A philosopher who likes to go to market for dialogue, to return memertanyakan kemapanan. If there is not only Plato, of whom we know that something has been thought by the Greeks, or by people before.
Because the author, I know little about philosophy. Akan know who thought of Plato when I was born in the population of the day-to-day spent in the garden and in the field, if not from the author. So here I thank, for example, to Lou Marinoff through Plato Not Prozac! that I have been connecting with thinkers-thinkers past. That have been menganggukan my head. Because I know during the early philosophy, philosophy is said to have become the center of all knowledge. But how can such a function and what is practical philosophy, is still uncertain. Lou Marinoff, one of them, through Plato Not Prozac! asserts that philosophy is not being the only academic on campus. Philosophy that exists in daily life. I also know that where ever Sokrates says, that life is never to be inappropriate, if not the author mengabadikannya.
Can also be, what happens at this time if the first Al-Quran is not recorded. Battle for the end of the war has penghafal scholars Al-Quran. If only at that time know very well that there are 100 scholars and 100 scholars are dead, drop Al-Quran on their heads. Because Tsabit bin Zaid, Abu Bakr and friends another author noted Al-Quran, it is the people of Islam can read the messages of God. Although it is teologis, immortality Al-Quran has promised him.
The author, according to Muhidin M. Dahlan on MATABACA Vol. 2/No.11/Juli 2004, also a spokesperson for the community, for his people. Sosoknya may be as prophets. With the duties that they are not even too concerned with themselves as well as the prophets.
Pramoedya Ananta Toer, has been a spokesperson for the community, because the people writing for Human Earth, Children of All, Trace, and Step House Glass; PRAM has become the prophet told a news mengguncangkan, melt, scary, and dim, in the Virgin in the Adolescent Military Cengkraman. How do men born in Blora 6 February 1925 this does not feel sympathetic when he heard the direct word virgin-virgin promised akan disekolahkan in Tokyo that has become a miserable old woman. They, virgin-virgin adolescents who have become old woman was not disekolahkan appointment as Japan, but a waitress in the sex-rural hinterland. PRAM is not only a sympathetic, my heart was torn tercabik-the only word he said PRAM.
To become a spokesperson for the community and the nation is not easy. Abu Abdullah Muhammad bin Abdullah Al-Lawati Al-Tanji was born in Morocco, North Africa, which is known as Ibn Batutah, to be able to write Tuhfah Al-Nuzzar fi Gharab Al-Ajaib Amsar wa Al-Asfar must travel along with 75,000 miles walk across the various countries, including Aceh, Indonesia.
While Syafi faith, to become a spokesperson for the community, he had to learn a number of teachers to which the amount is almost equal to the number of students. Must memorize Muwathanya Al-Imam Malik, Imam Syafi and indeed extraordinary. Scripture setebal is capable dihapalnya only nine in the evening.
He says, mengaji Each time you return home, I always collect fraction fraction-worn, leather-dried animal skin, palm sheath-sheath, and bone-camel bones. Kutulis hadist-hadist prophet in all things, then my mother to collect in a container. After that, I went to Mecca and nomadic tribe living in the village Hudzayl.
Humaydi been told by him that ever take a trip together experts fiqh and poet is to Egypt. In the middle of the night in the lodging, lights up. Humaydi surprised that the priest is still awake secarik with paper and ink. When asked, the birth of Palestinian Imam said this, I think being a hadist meaning, then a small child kusuruh set the lights so that I can write it hadist.
Plato, Ibn Batutah, PRAM, Imam Syafi; they are great people. They will still be alive despite Jasad buried in the ground. Accumulation of knowledge that they will continue to write saying that the owner is still alive. As philosopher Francis Bacon once say, I haribaan With ruhku to God. Although jasadku buried in the ground, but I will rise up with the name-generation and future generations in the whole of mankind.

Avoiding Bias in Writing

Language is understood as the only means of interaction antarmanusia. As a symbol of the delivery of a message or thought, either oral or written, the language often used to represent a pure reality of something is to the readers.

However, in its development, we often encounter language that is no longer a pure reflection of a reality. Sometimes feelings, interests, or motives of the users involved. Therefore, the receipt and delivery of language requires a very sensitivity so that we can assess that the meaning is hidden in the back, which may be biased, deceptive, and even misleading.

Bias phenomena in the paper

Bias or a distortion in any posts is something that we should be avoiding, when we write. Sometimes words that bias, load subjektivitas elements of the author. Not infrequently there are also some hidden interest or lack of understanding about the reality that disampaikannya. Related problem, Mochtar Pabottingi revealed four sides distortif (misuse) of language as a political tool that helps us to know what the purpose of the existence of a bias in the writing.

1. Language as a mask distortion.
Called a mask because the language here has been manipulated to reflect anything other than the original representation, with the goal to cover the actual reality. In this context, the language presented by the perpetrator may not be more honest and not reality so that appropriate referrals can outwit or deceive people who receive them. For example, expression of the government as “basic electricity tariffs need to be adjusted”, when, in fact are “basic electricity tariffs need to be.”

2. Distortion as a language project forget.
This means, according to this context, the language used to make people switch attention from a certain focus. At this point “forget” is no longer seen as human nature, but as something that can be consciously manipulated. By understanding the meaning of “forget” their own as do not remember or remember something else, understanding that can be arrested apparently “forgot” is not a matter that is natural in humans, but also as a situation that can direkayasa. With the switch attention from one focus to a particular focus on the other, it means that we try to create conditions forget him.

3. Distortion as a representation language.
Here, the language used to describe things not as they should, with mewakilkannya through the use of “labeling” or certain symbols.

4. Language ideology as a distortion.
In this distortion, the community tends to be compelled to acknowledge the truth of the language to be used.
Some steps in to avoid bias in any posts
Here are some steps that may help us avoid the refraction in writing.

1. Conclusion that in accordance with the facts.
Let your writing to a conclusion that is based on the accumulation of facts. Because all the facts can make the paper you can trust. Facts must be documented so that it can be verified by readers.

2. Opinion based on fact.
In writing a paper, opinion (personal thoughts based on emotions, beliefs, or myths) should rarely be used. All opinions or conclusions must be clearly identified; never disguise facts.

3. Use a common language.
To be able to convey your ideas clearly, you certainly want to use words that convince your readers in any posts. At the time you write a topic you really understand, you can easily slip in the use of language or emotional bias.

Common language that does not usually does not convince readers who really read to agree to your opinion. Of course you want to use words that can make your views on a topic to be more convincing. Once you start using language that is not common, that is the, your readers will feel more convinced than dipermainkan.

4. Note the word selection and sentence.
Elections diksi words or good can be any posts when a reader is able to be understood by the appropriate level of expertise of the readers. In general, the Wilson Nadaek describes some of the words, including words presumably could affect people, the words represent ideas, choosing the right words make the reader does not need to guess-nebak what is, to make readers believe, even participate and take the appropriate concluded that desired by the author. Furthermore, it seems any posts arranged in an effective sentence, which is able to create the content or intent to complete disampaikannya envisaged in the minds of readers the same as what is presented.

As a message that we want to tell readers, presumably so we write in a language that is fair and neutral. Writing of bias can still be addressed as long as we can discuss with other people so that the quality of any posts will be better. Then we try to menjabarkannya to support the sentence in any posts so that the bias can be developed and thoroughly completed.

Criteria of Good Writing

Each person has their own taste in a rate writing. But, should we berkiblat to the opinion of the votes berkompeten examine the papers in accordance with the education and reputation. The note also that it should be free from the “sponsored links” that often is the ruler. And finally, the value of any posts is determined by culture and society in the thought patterns zamannya.

Normally, writing a good meet the standard criteria as follows.

1. Hal-Hal the New
Any posts are classified as a good if he revealed anything new. Most simple example can be found in scientific journals. Publication hypothetical that the HIV virus causes the disease AIDS by Dr. Robert Gallo direct any posts deemed good because of the obvious stuff.

2. True and Full
Which may be news stories or fairytales can be good any posts? Indeed, scandalize, but it is not good. Shelve fiction or fantasy story, it is clear any posts should also contain a good and full of truth (factual). Center, or the news article “feature” in reputable newspapers always uphold the good values of honesty and berprespektif comprehensive; different to any posts in the “yellow newspapers” which is only to the sensation.
3. Beauty is / Original Ideas
The note is usually a good opinion is at once original author. Or opinion column published in the mass media when it reflects the considered opinions / solutions / suggestions on the original authors of the incident or problem. Posts that do not contain new ideas can not say it, even though penyajiannya bait.
4. As you know the contents
The contents of any posts that it can arouse readers to do positive things, memerbaiki character and moral community, or at least, inspired a mencerahkan.
5. Special theme
Common theme that can not conjure any posts to be a valuable and good. While many people write about the importance of the new permit for logging, you can write the problem of wood scarcity of raw materials that may be experienced factory plywood and wooden furniture industry as a consequence. The results of this can be considered good any posts because the theme is different from the general view.
6. Contain surprises
Detective novels, “suspense” or “thriller” on the tensions and surprises to be the best paper and terpoluler.
7. Events for the
Analysis-written analysis of the events a great potential to be good any posts. For example, a new view on the French Revolution (1789), or landing in Apollo II (1963) are always interesting, and potentially a good paper, even back against time.
8. People on the famous
Hillary Clinton sepenggal otobiografinya write, “It Tooks a Village,” and in demand because he had been the mother country the United States. All people want to know about her experiences during the accompanying President Bill Clinton (1992 – 2000). If Suminah also writing his life history, must be difficult words that are, because people do not know who Suminah.
9. Good language
Linus Suryadi Ag paper, “Recognition Pariyem”, it is recognized, especially because the prose is written in the lyrics with the words of the beautiful and profound. Usually categorized as valuable works of literature, especially poetry, in addition to the theme, the language is also extraordinary.
10. Top authors
If good food or bad depending on the expertise of chef mengolahnya, then it is not the paper is often determined by who the author. Once an author produces good works, the works tend to be further considered good also.
11. Through Terpublikasi Right Media
Also need good writing is published through the media and the right with a good way. Short story that was published in Literary Magazines Horizon, for instance, always as a good short story. In other words, writing that it will not even look good when the media published the “wrong”.

The more an any posts meet criteria above, the better the value of any posts. So, to make any posts that can be considered good, you should try to design it and follow the corridor boundaries criteria above.

The text you indeed can not be filtered passes through all the above criteria, the value of a paper is the need to set before the first category tested according to quality criteria that apply. If you write a novel, for example, certainly does not need to present data and may not always be related to famous people.

Good or not the paper can be determined also by the readers alone. That is, any posts of a good can be assessed by certain circles of readers, but rather, it is not considered by other groups of readers. Works of Pramoedya Ananta Toer be the right example. Although berbaur with ideology and political reasons, the work of PA Toer on the one hand by the dicemooh particular, but on the other hand, praised by different groups.

Need Reading and Writing Reading Writing Requires

Dr. Stephen D. Krashen reach a doctorate in the field of linguistics in 1972 at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), the book with a title, “Is There literacy crisis?” Dilontarkannya this question in the middle of the United States that advanced.

“The literacy crisis in 1987 the first time I heard` from the `Oprah Winfrey Show,” tulisnya. “The Oprah Winfrey guest is four times the adult illiteracy` `. They, as stated, truly can not be read-write. The story touched them, and now the story is familiar in the middle of the community. They told how they` pass the `first time in school, stand in the way of considering carefully what the friends in their class. They can design a strategy for daily living, for example, if they were to restaurants with friends, they are waiting to see other people order, then they order the same food.

“The story above and then didramatisasi by the mass media … However, there was a problem. Indeed, almost all people in the United States can be read-write. However, they do not read and write relatively well. Although the literacy rate has increased seabad last, the ability to increase the demand came more quickly. Many people who clearly does not quite able to read-write to address the charges in line with the development of kemelekhurufan a complex modern society. “

Free Reading and deliberately (MBS)

After the book that reveal the results of research on reading and writing like that, and Dr. Krashen spoke matter how the problem or the charges. Next commentary Dr. Krashen further:

“According to the sparing me, it’s a crisis read-write capability is located on the conduct of activities, activities that are rarely performed in the life of many people, that is read. Specifically, I suggest reading the book in a certain type – Read the Free and deliberately (abbreviated MBS Voluntary or free reading [FVR]). MBS means that you run the event because you really want it. “

“For school age children, MBS does not mean there is a report about the making of the book read, there is no question at the end of the chapter, and does not need to find the correct meaning for each of the vocabulary found. MBS means remove the books you like and do not choose the other useful and preferred instead. This type of reading is done in obsesif by those who are literate in the United States. “

“I will not say as MBS exit completely. Readers-free entry can not be guaranteed Harvard. The presented research is that if children or adults who are not very adept start reading for pleasure, then good things will happen. understanding of the reading will be improved, and they will more easily understand the difficult academic text. Style akan their improved, and they will be able to write better prose style that is received in schools, businesses, and the scientific community. Vocabulary akan increase in their speed better than if they undergo a course of increasing vocabulary often sold by the advertisers. The spelling and grammar and they will become better. “

“In other words, readers have the opportunity-free. And research also shows that their habits do not bring a fun read, it is likely not have the opportunity to live better – they will face difficult times in the read-write at the level of of high demand in the world now. ” “The book The Power of Reading, a research study of the MBS, how the implementation of MBS, and things related to reading, writing, and kemelekan letter. Peluang offered by MBS to the private and the public is really extraordinary. The purpose of this book is to show what readers are offered MBS. “

After decipher the basic idea selintas, Dr. Krashen and show evidence bermanfaatnya read in conjunction with the writing and the things that mengelilinginya. Below are the pieces Dr idea. Krashen materials that are tailored to the book that you are facing this. Please heed the relaks and take the “meanings” that suddenly mencuat the results of research Dr. Krashen.

Should be added here that shows in the results of this research, Dr. Krashen also cite various research that supports the research. Later you will see some of the name in brackets followed by a number years. That shows the people who examine the field and when research results are published. Presented here is not the complete identity for the sake of brevity and practicality for serving.

Why are readers who still have both lack slit? What are the obstacles in the mastery of writing? One explanation is that not all of which must be printed, meaning, reading can be considered successful if the reader can understand the reading. And to achieve this, the reader does not need to use fully all written on paper.

According to a research (Goodman, 1982; Smith, 1988), fluent readers to create a hypothetical text that they will read based on what they have read, their knowledge in the field, and their akan language – and use only the aspects of the printed they need to emphasize that their hypothetical. For example, most readers can infer what that last word will be used by a sentence. Readers who do not need to pay attention to both the full and careful with the word “this” at the end of the sentence to understand it, they only need to glance to make sure that the word is listed there.

Thus, skilled readers do not notice the detail on each page, and they may fail to see the difference, or whether particular words ending “-lah” or “-i”. This small slit, in my view, need not be read to run the event smoothly and efficiently that.

About Writing

Discussion about the correspondence should get a more knowledgeable than I give here. However, my goal is not to provide exhaustive survey of what is known about writing and how to develop writing ability. My goal is to convey two important points below:

1. Style is not obtained from any posts to write, but from reading.
2. Writing can help us solve the problem and make us more intelligent.

Style of writing Being from Reading

Research clearly shows that we learn to write through reading. To more precisely, we obtain any posts style, language-specific writing, with reading. We already see a lot of evidence to affirm this: The children who participate in the program-free, with better writing (eg, Elley and Mangubhai, 1983; McNeil in Fader, 1976) and those who reported that the more they read the good writings (for example, Kimberling et al., 1988, as reported in Krashen 1978, 1984; Applebee, 1978; Alexander, 1986; Salyer, 1987; Janopoulus, 1986; and Palhinda Kaplan, 1981; Applebee et al., 1990).

There are other reasons to predict that the style of writing comes from reading. “The argument complexity” also applies to writing: All ways in which language is written, “official” language that is different from the more informal too complex to be learned one by one. In fact, even though readers recognize words that both, the researchers did not succeed in explaining more about what persisnya the words that make “good” is good. Therefore, reasonable to say the style of writing is not learned consciously, but generally absorbed, or is aware, through reading.

Hunting (1967) relate to a research thesis (not published) which indicates that the quantity of any posts not related to the quality of writing. Many studies show that increasing the quantity of any posts not affect the quality of writing. Nah, any posts about the style comes from reading not from writing, in line with a note on language mastery: mastery of feedback obtained through the (input), not the output (output), from the understanding, not results. Thus, if you write one page a day, style of any posts you will not be increased. However, the other can be generated either from the writings you, as we will see in the following discussion.

What is Hot

Although the writing does not help us develop a style of writing, writing has other advantages. As cited Smith (1988), we write at least for two reasons. First, and most significantly, we write to communicate with other people. But perhaps more important, we write for ourselves, to further clarify and stimulate our minds. Most of us any posts, even though we are writers who published his work, is to ourselves.

As disclosed elbow (1973), difficult to control more than one idea in mind at once. When we write down our ideas, things vague and abstract become clear and concrete. When all thoughts spill on paper, we can look at the relationship between them, and can create a better idea. Writing, in other words, we can make more intelligent.

Writing can help us to think comprehensively and solve the problem. Readers are always writing the diary or journal to know more about this – you face a problem, you write it, and at least 10 percent of the problem raib. Sometimes, the whole problem of the missing.

Possible, experimental evidence shows that terjelas help thinking that writing is a series of studies conducted by Langer and Applebee (1987). Students are required high school reading and social assessment study with the information in writing analytical essays about the questions related to the assigned topic, or by using other techniques to study (for example, make notes, answer questions about the understanding, write summaries, learning techniques “normal “without writing).

Then the students are given multiple tests on reading materials. Langer and Applebee reported that “in general, any written responses to the better performance compared to reading without writing.” In the third study, they write essays that show not long survive to make the information (in the brain) if the reading material provided easy, but if they read the material difficult, the author of essays provides a far better than students who learn to use other techniques. Similar results about the effectiveness of the essay was reported by Newell (1984), Marshall (1987), and Newell and Winograd (1989).

Sometimes, writing is only a few can make a big difference. In a study conducted Ganguli (1989), indicated that students taking the mathematics of three minutes per period to spell out in writing the important concepts presented in class, is superior in the end semester examination than a comparison group. For additional reviews of the research that supports the hypothetical writing that “you can make more intelligent”, see the Applebee (1984) and Krashen (1990).

Finally, my conclusions are simple. When children read for pleasure, when they are “tied to the book,” they have, accidentally and without any business conducted with a conscious, almost all of the so-called “skill kebahasaan” which is considered by many people: They will be the readers reliable, get a lot of vocabulary, develop the ability to understand and use the order of the compound, to develop a good writing style, and became a great speller (albeit not perfect). Although the reading is free and deliberately itself will not ensure didapatkannya proficiency in the highest levels, at least, it guarantees an acceptable level. Without it, I guess children do not expect.

When we read, we truly have no choice we must be literate. We seldom find people who read well face serious problems associated with grammar, spelling, and others. They write good enough because they can not menahannya; they have the style of the text without realizing obtained, as well as rules kepenulisan.

People who read well, write well also because they are not aware that the writing style to get better. However, I propose not kebahasaan program that consists of only free to read. I also agree with the value assigned by teachers and recommended by teachers, library staff, and parents. Read the assigned reading as well as free and conscious will help each other: through literature, students will be grown and will be exposed to intellectual diversity of the book, which can be stimulated to read more freely.

MBS is not a substitute for kebahasaan program. MBS complete language arts class. Problems in our education kebahasaan, expressed as Frank Smith, is that we confound causes and consequences. We think we first learn the “skills” to speak and then apply these skills in reading and writing. But not the way the human brain work. Is more appropriate: reading for understanding or pemaknaan, reading about things that are important to us, is triggered the development of fluency.

Writing and constraints

Writing is easy. Are you memercayainya? Some people consider it difficult to write and to do so required a special talent. Actually not! Writing that is easy and can be done by anyone. However, to be able to continue to develop the ability to write, someone must have the will and the practice of writing itself. Without the will and discipline to continue a strong practice, of course you can not conquer barriers that often appear in writing. In the process of writing, the motivation to become a good tool spur result in a writing. What motivated you to write? As a Christian, writing for Christ to be the motivation that you must grasp. Motivation is the author of a preference in the asker and produce a writing. Motivation you have to be strong. A strong motivation to prevent obstacles to write the most primary, that is laziness. Feeling lazy about the author can obscure the motivation that is owned by an author. So you can make the text the better, the first taste taklukkan are lazy. Requested the help of God and beraksilah (menulislah). After that, you will be ready to face barriers in other writing. Besides feeling lazy, obstacles that are usually found by an author who is associated with ideas, time, and technical issues in the correspondence. The idea became an obstacle when the author can not find it. The idea itself is a life in the absence of any posts so that ideas can become a classic reason for someone not to write. “I can not write because I have no idea.” Such was approximately the tercetus often when someone looking for reasons why he could not write. The lack of ideas also make someone to start writing the confusion for word in the string expression to be written. The idea that there actually anywhere and can be searched, can even create your own. No need to go far, start from yourself, your life is a source of ideas that will never dry. Genesis and the life experiences that you can you make the natural source of ideas. Family and the environment can also memerkaya ideas in your writing. Dig what you experienced, what you see, what you feel, all of that is the seed-seed idea that is ready for you Tabur in a series of sentences that you write. Reading can also help you to find ideas to write. Furthermore, reading can also add more insight is needed in kepenulisan. In other words, if you can read, you can also write. Two of these activities, such as the two currencies that are not separated. They both need each other and complement. When you get the idea already, the next obstacle that you may find difficulty is menuangkannya in words and in merangkainya braided to form the sentence paragraphs so readers will understand the purpose of your idea. First describe your idea in a framework of words that will help and guide you for explaining the ideas in a writing. In addition, perkaya your vocabulary so that your writing to be any posts that are not narrow and not boring. However, you must also learn to use the correct vocabulary and appropriate in the sentence-the sentence that you write. Not that the topic will also be written in a write barrier. Therefore, write what you kuasai. If you do not even have to write it over and, berusahalah to find out about anything that you want to write. Do research and interviews to add your insight on the topic. If you write without the provision of adequate and does not control the topics you will write, so any posts you will become the text only on the surface only. The result is not the text interesting to read and less useful to readers. The lack of time is also often the reason is to prevent someone writing. Let’s return to the initial motivation to write. Sesibuk any, will always have the time to write, providing that you can set the mendisiplinkan self in time. Lack of time is not a problem that comes from outside ourselves, how you can live it and not make it as a barrier means in writing. Other obstacles are obstacles related to the write-in technical writing, namely the lack of control Spelling enhanced, including the use of punctuation, spelling, word standard is not standard, and other. Using words and sentences are effective and easily understood by readers is also a challenge that must be faced by the author. Technical barriers can be easily overcome if authors are willing to continue to learn and practice writing with earnest. Similarly barriers that have been presented above. All the major risk is that an author must be faced. However, it is not something that should deter you step. Have the right motivation and a strong, keep learning to write, kalahkan feeling lazy, and produce texts that can bless other people.

Developing Ideas For Writing

How do writers develop ideas for writing? The author uses many ways, and I dare to bet that most of the ways to involve the writing itself. Imagine a composer who would compose a song with the not-not play the keyboard. Imagine a carver idea to make a statue with a form of re-establishing sebongkah clay. Imagine a tailor who wanted to make a blanket pattern motif with a blanket design and re-design a variety of fabrics. All creative efforts through some early stage in which the creator of the ideas, removed some ideas, and play with ideas that grab the imagination or the match. Each creator develop ideas with the sink and the media have something in particular. Similarly with writing. Kepenulisan in the world, the early stages of development of ideas is called “pratulis”.

Pratulis usually disordered – many ideas spread everywhere – like a blanket with the sewer discount kainnya into the floor in the house. For most people, does not fall apart and take care with the logic, pattern, or form the end is a freedom. That is the purpose of pratulis; sebebas may be provoked in the ideas. If you are offended by ketidakrapian, then pratulis can be referred to as prarencana, as a tool to generate ideas and data that can help you create a draft essays. Instead, it is a stage pratulis incubation of ideas, one way to generate ideas and capture thoughts with your writing.

Writing ideas developed in many ways, and techniques pratulis try to show various ways in which ideas can be developed. Here are some of pratulis that aims to help bring your ideas and interests under the awareness you become something that we know (if we want helpers fill the blank paper when we are asked to “write about things that interest us”):

1. free of any posts,
2. explore ideas,
3. grouping / mapping, and
4. keep personal journals.

Other forms of pratulis intended to help you generate and also to focus on a subject you have selected, are:

1. ask anything about a subject, and
2. create a list.

Pratulis form also intended to help you generate your own ideas in response to ideas of others, namely:

1. In response to a text,
2. maintain daily journals, and
3. In response to a particular task.

Free Writing

Free writing help you identify the subject-a subject that interests you. Are not aware, you know what the interest you, but can not identify them consciously, and you can expect your interest aware that the write freely (because writing is the same as the thinking). Writing as writing with a free flow of consciousness in which you write what you have in mind. After you make any posts some free, you will find that you tend to return to the subject repeatedly. A subject that many times you write is a good subject for you to develop through the writing, because it clearly is important in your mind.

To write freely, use your computer or take a sheet of paper and pencil, anything that you comfortable. Take the time. Set within five minutes. Write what you have in mind in five minutes without spin themselves with perfection, a good sentence, and spelling or punctuation correct. In fact, do not care about makes sense or not is also your writing to. Berkonsentrasilah only to record all your mind and space to meet with any posts as much as possible during the five minutes. If you do not write something, just write: “do not know do not know” until you get another idea. If you think this exercise is very foolish, they write: “This is stupid stupid” until you get another idea. Remember, the purpose of writing is free to fill the blank pages with as many words for five minutes to write. After 5 minutes, Take a break for 1 minute and read what you have written, and do more procedures are free writing at least two or more times again. To the stage after that, stop and do the other. Make a series of procedures in the free time was five minutes to several hours later. You may be able to understand the red thread (ideas that repeatedly written) after you have some free time to write. Ideas that you are back ideas for a good essay because that is the idea that to be your interest.

Search for Ideas / Brainstorming

Looking for ideas / brainstorming, as well as free writing, writing before the technique is designed to bring ideas into the subconscious idea that we are aware. This is a good way when you already know the subject of public interest you, but do not know what aspects of the subject in which you want to titikberatkan. Brainstorming is a technique that is done consciously in which you quickly record all the ideas related to the primary subject. All ideas were accepted; the goal of brainstorming is to identify as many ideas related to the subject. You most likely have been brainstorming to do at work or been seen in television or film.

Pengelompokkan / Mapping

Pengelompokkan / Mapping can help you realize how multiformity to think of a subject. To do pengklasifikasian or “mind mapping”, write your main subject in the middle of a blank paper. Then, write quickly ideas related to the subject in the entire free space of your paper. When one idea to develop the other ideas, combine them with the line and circle to form the groups of ideas. The main purpose of this is to use lines and circles to show visually how your ideas can be related and also related to the main subject.

A group or a map combining the two phases of brainstorming (recording ideas and then group them) into one. This can also make you glimpse aspects of the subject which you can write more, so this may help you decide how to focus on a subject that has become a knowledgeable writing.

Keeping Personal Journal

A personal journal is a good way that will continue to record all your thoughts and observations – your personal response to the world – then develop ideas for writing. A personal journal more than just notes about what happens in your life (more than simply “on Monday, I went to the library, on Tuesday, I work until night”). Is a personal journal recording all observations, feelings, and self-reflection on all your experience. You may want to write about an incident that you observed, about a person, a place, the important experience of your small, a different reaction on a situation, issues that are warm, goals, ethical issues, or other subject that interest you and meet the mind you. Consider yourself as a researcher and on Ask yourself why something is as it seems, why someone responds to a particular situation with a variety of ways, what characteristics of the special someone, a place or an object, or how something happened. In other words, think about what you observe and write thoughts-thoughts into your journal.

One asks Something About the Subject

Ask is a form of versatile pratulis. You may wish to develop a perspective on a subject that you want to write, to narrow the subject you have chosen, and to determine whether the subject of your choice can be written easily (especially if you write a scientific paper).

Ask for the Developing A Perspective on the Subject A

Ask about the “who,” “what,” “when,” “where”, “why”, and “how” of a subject to catch limits of the subject and how you can approach a subject that – the point of which seems reasonable for You take time to think the subject is.

Ask a subject to narrow

You ask about the subject and use the answer to another question until you find a stop for the good questions (focused questions that you know can be inspected, or questions that you can focus your own responsibility to provide examples and details).

Make a List

Make a list of means to record ideas that relate directly to a particular subject. Make a list of more than collecting ideas (brainstorming) or free write when you decide to make the list as a form of pratulis, then you have a particular focus on your subject and various aspects related to the focus. You can expand or delete the contents of a list of some of it over you, and are expected to like that. A list is a tool to catch what you can think about all aspects related to the focus on the subject. For example:

Subject focus: ways in which communication can flow in an organization.

1. Superior-subordinate traditional – give managers the information and issue commands to the subordinate.
2. Subordinate-superior – more rare, in which the management opened the door to receive information and suggestions from employees for the company.
3. Cross-department – where people with equal status to share information.
4. Team work – which may involve members of different organization levels, that gather together for a particular project.
5. Incidentally – that permeate all levels of organization and that is to be tersulit.

In response to a text

Many authors develop the idea of reading. For example, what about an article about companies that go out from the U.S. to save costs (to pay the workers $ 1 per day of $ 18 per hour)? How do you think about a newspaper editorial that support / oppose a quota to ensure equitable employment? How do you think about the ideas offered by a textbook in a university, that the United States is a society that is dominated by the traditional class structure? Reading can bring a lot of ideas for writing, and ensure that you will be asked to respond to a text with your own ideas.

You can do pratulis to write an essay with ideas while you read. Write down your thoughts-thoughts. Agree or disagree with the ideas of others, and why you write. Write the questions that arise when you read. At any rate, do your own dialogue with the author’s text, as though you are talking to him, and write the dialog so that you can get the idea again in the future.

Maintaining Response Journal

Journal response allows you to reflect and record the reflection on the time and after you read. This method is very good for a text response to the complex, and is a good technique to generate ideas for writing. You can ask questions and try to answer questions in a response journal:

* What is the core argument the author and any important points that support these ideas?
* Do I agree or not agree with the argument that the core? Why?
* What information is applicable to things which have something I know?

A response journal also provides an opportunity to record your thoughts and reactions to the text.

Working with Pratulis: Moving Up the Subject of

The core of pratulis record is a series of thoughts so that you memunyai a pool to accommodate the idea of your essay. You may have a mixed record information and ideas. I assume I pratulisan as a trickle. Pratulisan I tend to like goods that have in mind so I must menumpahkannya to the sheet of paper (okay, so I memunyai something disordered berserakkan in my head). Then, the next task is the sort of goods, select and discard a few items, so I move from kecampuradukan information to a focus that I can develop and support an essay.

At any rate, when pratulis, you need to move away from the subject. Sepenting anything in a pratulis help you identify the ideas for writing, pratulis data alone can not provide enough information to write a whole essay. Pratulis only generated by all the experience, observation, and your thoughts. To develop an essay, you may need to enter some experiences, observations, thoughts and additional – information that not only reflects the experience you are certain, but also the human experience in general. An essay for the understanding and use your own mind as a principle, but also extended so that these thoughts have relevance for other people. (Column newspapers owned by Dave Barry combined to give a good example. I think a special essay that recounts her experiences with the new toilet, type of toilet does not use much water and therefore can not flush properly. He uses own experiences as a basis for a reflection knowledgeable about the problems with modern technology and the problems of legislation, things that most adults can associate with one another via a way.)

So how do you move from self to the subject in the pratulis?

* Review pratulisan you back to identify the various ideas that have in the main pratulis.
* Submit ideas are.
* Write these ideas in the thesis sentence. That is, make a statement that explains your idea or understanding about the topic, and write down the questions in the form of complete sentences.

Use thesis, which can be developed from pratulis, is key to writing an essay.

An idea for Writing

Writing is to sell ideas. That is, when an author is being written out to the idea of readers with the aim that every reader can catch, receive, interested, and apply the things which the author’s ideas.

The idea can be referred to as the seed is the article and your writing to. Have ideas that will determine the decision of a candidate for any posts you read further. Therefore, each author must be able to find idea in writing. Ideas such as what is referred to as a great idea any posts?

Original ideas

Not all authors have the idea that different. However, all authors must have the original idea. A big idea can be seen any posts from keorisinalitasan idea. However, as already written before, not all writers have a different idea, this does not mean that all ideas are written is that the idea really new. Many ideas that appear to read any posts after other people, to hear other people talking, observing a picture, listen to the lyrics, the lyrics a song, and so forth. An idea can be fixed when the original results from reading, observing, or listening, tercetus a thought or a new penjabaran about it. This can not be said to steal the idea because the idea is treated and described differently and from different angles too, especially if the new ideas emerged from ideas that already exist. So, the idea must be a great idea that the original idea that really show the author’s mind, and is processed from the ideas that already existed.

The idea is to give enlightenment

The purpose of the above sentence is an idea must be able to answer the challenges of the age, trends, or phenomena that are currently displayed. The idea of the results obtained from the observations the author of what is currently happening in the environment and surrounding communities, or in a broader scope again. For example, when global warming is becoming the main focus of the world at this time, then an author can contribute ideas or ideas with things to write about Does the movement, energy savings, maintaining the sustainability of nature, and other things that can be applied to anticipate and heating global. With the other, the idea is to give enlightenment ideas described by the author in his writings, in which penjabaran of these ideas can move and move the reader to do something or act on what is happening.

Specific ideas

Although a good idea, but will not be interesting to readers if the idea is too broad. Why have specific ideas? In addition to that discussion is not to widen any, will also be easier for the author when explaining the idea to write in the language. With specific ideas, readers can better focus on capturing the idea that you want to be writers.

The idea of engraving Pandang Different Corner

The idea of engraving, each person may akan meremehkannya, but the idea that invisible cliche that can be called this idea of a requirement with any posts you see and mengemasnya from a different perspective. May have been many posts that bring about love, love, divorce, marriage, but will be very different if you mengupasnya the way you and from a different angle. You menguraikannya from the perspective of how other people’s thoughts in general.

Loading the idea that Interesting Topics for Many People

A great idea any posts when one of them is described akan load the topics that interest the people and not just for some people. Ideas such as the idea is that “up to date” or ideas that follow the developments of the age that many people will be interested in the idea that was. If at this time the public’s attention on the emerging phenomenon of flow-flow of religion, the idea that any posts will be the topic of public attention.

Ideas Adds Something If Reads

Akan disappointed when someone does not get any after performing an activity, such as in reading activities. In fact, the text can be read not quality stamped. Therefore, an author must have ideas that can bring the needs of this one. The idea that you can add something to read when, whether the new knowledge, information, inspiration to do something, even just for the sake of entertaining readers.

Idea where it came from the Great Writing

Where it came from big ideas in writing? Whether we can find it? The idea can come in unexpected. When writers are not doing anything, that idea can come.

However, not all like that. There are ideas that the author after author to do something, such as reading books, watching movies, walking, the occurrence of extremes, and so forth. The idea also can be searched or found with intentionally. Authors make the observation and research, to finally find a good idea. Where to find it?

1. Up in You

Your life is a source of ideas that will never dry. From life experience, you can find interesting ideas for a writing. Many authors find the idea of the size of the experience of life itself. A course, Leo Tolstoy – a book of ideas when he followed the war, Ian Fleming – James Bond is born of experience to become a secret agent, Khalil Gibran – works sastranya is some love that he gave to friends asker, Pramudya Ananta Toer — one experiences when a book is removed and imprisoned, and many more.
2. Print and Electronic Media

Books, newspapers, magazines, television, radio, and you can use the internet as a source to find ideas. I rarely can not find the idea of them after use and take advantage of these media. The idea appears, or obtained after reading the book, following the news in the newspapers, see on broadcast television, and others. Activities if you take advantage of the well, akan meletikkan idea in your head.
3. Environment Around You

If you want to become an author full of ideas, must be supported with sensitivity in his top of the surrounding environment. Because what happens in surrounding areas is a source of ideas that have not utmost. Observation of what is going on in their environment and capture the fact that each and mengolahnya occur, can be an idea to write down.

After knowing the idea of a writing and resources to find ideas, the one thing you should note about the idea this is and as well as any ideas you will not have meaning if not arrested by the readers through your writing language. Somehow that your original idea, the idea is to give enlightenment, the specific ideas, and ideas that will contribute when read, readers will fail if not received can be delivered through a braided words and sentences that form a paragraph-paragraph in your writing to properly.

Therefore, in addition to have a brilliant idea, an author must be able and skilled master techniques kepenulisan. So what the idea or ideas can be described through the author writing language so that readers who come to enjoy your paper.

Congratulations to find great ideas, ideas that can bring readers to the things desired by God.

Writing Style

Before writing, the author was faced with a warning that many mengharuskannya to string kalimatnya well; not out to everywhere. However, an author may be asked, “If I delete all that you are distracted, and if I strip every sentence to the core course, what is left for me?”

Questions appear as not many people realize how bad their. No one tells them about their style that is too excessive, and how it can counteract what they want to say. If you provide an article as long as eight pieces to me, and then I told you to memotongnya to be four sheets, you will cry and say that it is not possible. However, you still do, and the results of any posts to be better.

The idea is that you should clean out any posts you before you can merekonstruksinya. You must know what equipment is essential and functions of each. Metaphorical carpentry; it is important to first be able to saw wood and nail tidy, new after that you measure the edges or add elegant element, if that is your taste. You should not forget that you are dealing with a work based on certain principles. If pakunya weak, your house will collapse. If the verb you weak and wobbly syntax you, you will fall down the sentence.

Which often becomes a problem is you can not wait to create a “style” – Take in the simple sentence, so readers will recognize you as someone special. You will use a simile that is too glaring and the words are over, as if “style” is something that you can buy in a store and then you bubuhkan in your sentence. No style sold in stores; style character who is writing, the withdrawal of hair attached at the head, or, if the person is bald, the style is the withdrawal kekurangannya akan hair. Try to add the style is like the wig. Glance, the person who was bald and it looks even younger-looking. However, if seen again, he does not seem like himself.

That is the problem that the author deliberately embellish their. They lost, what is it, which makes them unique. Readers will know that they are too excessive. Readers who want to talk to them there is. Therefore, the most basic rule is: be yourself.

There are no rules that are too heavy to be followed. Being the author himself to do two things that seem impossible to do by an author – relaxed and confident.

Notify the author is to relax as someone tells him to relax when he examined whether the contract Hernia. Any problem with confidence, look at how an author is very stiff while sitting, contemplate the screen waiting for typing words. Look how often he stood up and search for food or drink. An author will do anything that he does not write. From the knowledge I can from a newspaper, the number of many an author to take up water, far exceeds the amount the body needs them akan water.

What can be done to release the author was suffering from? Unfortunately, until this time there is no medicine. I can only give a consoling thought, that you are not alone. Day-to-day will be a better day than the other. Day-to-day may become a very bad day, so make you desperate to start writing again. We all had experienced the day-to-day and will experience many more times like that.

However, it is better to minimize the occurrence of bad times, that is, trying to relax.

Assume that you are the author who was sitting writing. You have already determined that you will write long articles with a certain length and if the article does not reach the target, your article will not have to use. You think I look at articles that have been printed later. You think all those who will read it. You think that any posts you should have the burden of authority that are strong enough. You bepikir that style must memesona. If you like that, not surprisingly, if you are bound; you too busy thinking about your responsibility on the extraordinary article that you can not even write.

The first paragraph is usually a disaster – a collection of general ideas that have been out of the topic. Paragraph 2 is also not better. However, paragraph 3 imply the start of humanity, and in paragraph 4, you start to sound like yourself. You have started to try to relax. Incredible how often an editor to remove 3 or 4 paragraphs of an article, or even some of the main page, and start with a paragraph in which the author began to sound like himself. The first paragraphs are not only impersonal, and long-winded, paragraphs it also does not say anything – paragraphs that are only aware of an attitude to make an introduction to the full notional. What I always find an editor is a sentence that says something like: “I will never forget the day where I am ….” When I find, I think, “Aha! Have the kemanusiaannya (note the word ‘I’)!”

The author clearly akan most natural look when they write in the first. Writing is intimate transaction between two people, the above secarik paper, and the transaction will work well for any posts that keep the kemanusiaannya. Therefore, I encourage people to write with the style of the first: to use “I” and “us”.

“What I say what I think?” they ask. “Or what I feel?”

“Who says you do not what you think?” jawabku on them. “There is only one you. No one thought and perasaannya exactly.”

“But there is no concern with my opinion,” they said.

“They will care if you tell them something interesting,” I said, “and let them through the words that come out naturally.”

However, the author to use “I” is not easy. They think they should get the privilege to reveal their emotions and thoughts. Because if not, they will be considered too selfish. Dignity or not – a fear that override academic world. Therefore, the professional use the word “someone” ( “A person that does not meet with the Dr. Maltby about the human condition”) or words that are less personal ( “in-”) ( “It is expected that Prof. monograf. Felt akan interesting that many listeners appropriate “). I do not want to meet with “someone” – he is a boring person. I want a professor who is completely dedicated to the subject to tell me why the subject is interested in making them.

I realize that there are many areas in which the word “I” can not be used. Newspaper does not want to have the word “I” in their news. So also in the magazine articles, reports and business institutions, and the dissertation. English teachers also did not want to see the usage of the word first, but “we.” Ban-ban is legitimate. Articles in newspapers must include the news that was reported in the objective. I also understand that teachers do not want to give students easy way to think like “I think Hamlet is stupid” when they are not actually analyze a work of reference and reference-supporting. The word “I” can be a way to become too loose on themselves and run away from responsibility.

However, there still may be to convey the meaning of egoism without using the word “I”. James Reston, a political columnist, does not use the word “I” in his writings, however, I have a good image terhadapnya, and I can also call a reporter and columnist who is also good. The author is well seen from the words. If you are not allowed to use “I”, at least, think “I” when you write, or write a draft in the form of a person first and then dispose of the word “I”. This can train your impersonal style.

Sell yourself and your topic will imply any posts tariknya own power. Trust on the identity and opinions of your own. Writing is an ego attitude. Use power to help you to be able to continue writing.

How to Become a Writer Writing

Gertrude Stein wrote, “Writing is writing is writing is writing is writing is writing is writing.” (He also wrote, “Rose is a rose is a rose is a rose”). The purpose is not another word that is written is a matter of writing, from beginning to end. That writing is writing. Basic writing. How do I start writing? Write. How can continue to write? I continue to write.

Unfortunately, many of us assume it is not as it seems. Problematic when we will start writing, we can be problematic to continue to write, and often times we give up the course, enthusiasm and tenacity we gradually disappear, as the rivers dry up.

However, because the writing is in the heart, soul, and our DNA, after several weeks or months or even years, we are excited to write back. Even more zealous of the previous, and at that time, we can maintain the spirit of the writing.

Maybe we like it or may not. From my experience as a teacher, many people often can not maintain the enthusiasm. For some people, the spirit of the cycle as the write occurs repeatedly. Because we are not consistent, we began to judge themselves as people who do not write a talented, self-involved we terbuang-sheet with a sheet of paper that we throw to the trash, and then we can be more difficult to start writing. This makes the heart sick. Because we are writers and we are not full time – when there are parts in which we lost ourselves – we can never feel comfortable in the world, there is no peace in themselves. Writing is our lives. Indeed, not all of life, but it is enough to make us feel not does not write full time.

Here CLAIMS AS AUTHOR

You will never be the author (and continue to write) until you call yourself as an author.

Most writers I know, that his work is not particularly terpublikasi, said, “I want to be writers.” Or, “I am … I love to write.” Or, “It is long I want to become writers.” However, they do not call themselves as writers. Think of words to call you: male / female, mother / father, wife / husband, friends, teachers, technicians, masseuse, lawyer, gardener, chef. We use words to introduce ourselves, both to others and to ourselves. For what we called ourselves, that we. In some cultures, the new name given when someone changes. The new name that suggests that he has changed. If you call yourself a writer, not just say what you want to be like you, you will change. Try. Now. Teriakkan your name with a hard and followed the words, “I am the author.” Let yourself experience the sensation you feel when you do so. “But tulisanku not have the terpublikasi,” You may say such, as if that gives you the right to call yourself as the author. Moreover, when you say to others that you are the author, they will surely ask, “Oh, writing what ever you publish?”

Listen, any posts that are published do not have a relationship with the author! Publications related to the money as an author. Perhaps also with public recognition and kemashyuran. Although correct, most of the published writings of the author and do not get too much money or even famous. We may say, terpublikasi is terpublikasi is terpublikasi. In fact, terpublikasi is the goal most of us. However, it is not a reason to write us. We write therefore we should do. Anne Sexton said, “When I write, I do things that I should do.”

Moreover, any posts sekalinya we published, does not mean it makes us stop writing. We will continue to write. That the author did. I have a vision like that when you write, I write and continue writing. As the ancient joke said, “the author never die old, they continue to improve the end of his writings.”

How do you claim Arts Writer For You?

First, saying, “I am the author.” Say it with loud. Say in your own self in front of the mirror. Tell the family and your friends. Tell the people you meet at parties who ask, “What’s your job?” Tell the stranger when you mengantri at wholesale stores. Tell your mother on. Say most often on your own, “I am the author.”

Select a place to write, sacred place where you feel comfortable, not feel terbeban. If you do not have a space like that, then make. Use a room full or a part of the room as you write. Before making room tulisnya, Wendy friends using the divider to separate the place with the writing room. When you have the space to write your own, or take it and light candles, or flowers, anything that can make your room a unique. Make senyaman possible.

Take the tools you need. Esteem your writing to the paper or agenda that you like. Buy high quality pen that you always impi-impikan. Purchase a special computer for your own machine and print it. Prepare the dictionary, the dictionary tesaurus, and books EyD quality. Find quality books and journals to write subscribe.

Interact with other writers. Berinteraksilah with them. Surati author of a book that you admire (not as a fan, but as a fellow author). Take seminars and workshops. Join the group of authors.

Read as the author. Learning from the best. Learn your favorite author, and copy some of his writings to be able to feel the rhythm and style of writings. Pilah-pilah sentences, paragraphs, and chapters on the writings to find the secret techniques and write. In addition to writing, reading any posts that it will be your best teacher.

Set Time for Writing

The second case you need to do to become the author who is writing with the time to write. You will never write if you do not take the time to write. Never say, “I will write soon.” You will never write that like that. For 25 years before this writing, I am a person who is always like that, and therefore I can not ever begin to write. That does not happen again after I set the time to write regularly so that I can become an author who writes.

Set the time to write, write on your calendar: Monday 14:00; 09.15 Tuesday, Wednesday … and so on.

Find a suitable time with you. Do not set the time to write for two hours if you only stand for half an hour. Do not set the alarm at 05.30 in the morning when you wake up the morning is difficult and does not like atmosphere morning. Similarly, do not say if you will write at night after all the work you are wrong if at the time you usually lie on the sofa and could not hold drowsiness. Search the support. Take a half-time from your lunch hour. Menulislah directly after work. Get up a half hour earlier. If you have the freedom to manage your time, set the time to write during work hours.

Students in kelasku said that they do not have time to write. Then I ask those who regularly watch TV and the Internet to play the hand. Many of the lift. I ask again, “Then who does not have time to write?” All meresponinya with a grimace. Menulislah than watch TV, play internet, read newspapers, play with friends. You have to sacrifice some of your time to write.

Note: Do not korbankan time to walk and see the sunset.

You may have often heard that if you want to become a writer, you must write every day. That’s not the price. But indeed there are some rules that must be made to the author. To be the author (ie the authors who write), you must write several times a week – at least four or five times, more good if each day. Akan’s easier to write by writing regularly. You will be better when you do something with often. Mic Jagger said, “You have to sing every day in order to become, yes … it is great.”

Like berolah sport, berdiet, or course, sometimes the writing exercises will be more easily done with a friend. Make an appointment with a friend to write. If you and your friend can not write together in one place, each call or send e-mail and said, “I write today” or “I will write on at 20:30 tonight” or “How menulismu this day?”.

Do not wait for your new inspiration came to write. Futile. When you appear in front of your paper, inpirasi akan come to you. There is a saying, “Writing is 20 percent inspiration and 80 percent perspiration.” Moreover, if the exercise is to write your day-to-day, you do not need inspiration to start writing.

Write

Finally, the third step to be the author who is writing, of course, write themselves. Discuss about the writing is not writing. Thinking about writing is not writing. Visions of a dream or not to write. Create a framework, research, and also make a note not to write. All that may be part of the writing and required to write, but writing is so writing.

“You can not just sit-sit and think,” said David Long fiction writers, “You must sit down and write.”

So every day, at the time that has been defined (or not set the previous / spontaneous), Sit at your desk (or table in the cafe or on the grass in the garden), and menulislah.

Do it every day, and I guarantee, you will continue to run out of writing paper, you will start and finish a lot of stories, essays, narrative nonfiksi – anything that you want to write. Your imagination to akan everywhere and craze. You will become an author who writes.

Culture Through the writing hand

You can see how the various events that occurred many years ago or a hundred years past? History books may be your answer. Not one of the books because a lot of history relate what is happening, long before the era of this information. Not to mention the revolution in printing machine and the Internet that allows information recorded in time with both.

Although the literature at this time can be spelled out and complete variety, past history of mankind is not a crack are presented through the books and digital devices that are currently available. For the culture of any posts is not the oldest human culture. Conversely, the oral culture much older than the culture of writing. Community groups and even some still retain this oral culture.

Before the era of any posts, of the tradition from generation to generation is done verbally. Akan bertutur the ancestor to the child-grandchildren, convey moral stories, including a variety of teaching. This method can still be found on a number of tribes.

However, the oral method has a number of weaknesses. The main weakness is that not many people can remember what the preceding setepat was raised on it. Slightly more, of course that does not have tersampaikan. Not to mention the possibility to increase or reduce the open-conscious enough.

However, people do not immediately recognize any posts with the alphabetical system such as we at this time. Previously, known piktogram, the script is an image to reveal a specific mandate. This tradition is very old age. Times the initial estimated piktogram this in Mesopotamia by the ancient Sumerian.

Humans begin to enter the period is estimated around 3000 BC characters. Aksara first is called a first-time through three major cultures: Sumerian nation in Mesopotamia with the letter pakunya, community Nile River valley in Egypt with hieroglifnya, and Han people in the Yellow River valley with the characters han (Kridalaksana and Sutami 2005).

Revolution occurs when any posts new found Gutenberg printing press in Europe. The books used to take many years to copy them, are now able to more quickly. Until Martin Luther also said that printing is one of the biggest gift of God than safety (regulation 2002). This allows the distribution of literature with more quickly. Even when this technology has enabled dihasilkannya thousands of copies in a shorter time.

TIME freeze, hand CULTURE

Writing activities can be considered as the actual winter time activities. Context of the surrounding areas are recorded in succession. This is clearly felt, for example, in books biography, so far as the book written honestly. For the information written down in any posts is recorded throughout the period. The recording is in fact relatively more durable because the digital revolution is happening.

Basically, a number of contexts can be recorded along with any posts, as far as the context-context (time, place, culture) are included; explicit or implicit. When any posts that read back, feel included in it will be much less arrested. Thus, the description of the situation (and thus culture) in the vicinity of the writing can be felt as well.

The Bible is a form of success in the context of various freezing. The author is very good with the capture and represent the feel of the era – something that we as religious guidance of the Holy Spirit. Not surprising when we’re reminded or prosecuted for a particular context when looking at the want of a clause in order not to erroneously interpret the section.

When any posts that are focused more on cultural aspects, aspects of which was (when expressed in a way that’s good) can be enjoyed, as it were, will be present directly in front of readers. Thus, the inherited culture of life will be better. Especially when equipped with the illustration, illustrations, pictures, or photos. Printed media and web site allows this.

There are several types of text to continue the great potential of culture. At this time, a variety of shapes. Can be a paper, essay, thesis, dissertation, scholarly journals, books, magazines, and so forth.

1. Writing history

If you read the history books, we can see the economic situation, social, political, cultural, including the effect of a specific period in the middle of a certain tribe. Not simply describe, writing history can be considered complete historical objects other.
2. Writing culture

Different from the historical writings, writings specifically explain cultural culture community. Thus, the posts are not focused on the explanation of the background social-political environment a particular community. However, it is not offensive does not mean that these aspects at all. Writing like this, for example, posts the order to reveal the wedding, an explanation of symbols customary, will inherit these things to the next generation.
3. News coverage

Some of the mass media to give special cultural fields. Articles of a culture that is presented in the field is one of the means to inform at once to open the eyes of a cultural community with regard to the region. Some even raise the culture is almost extinct with the call to preserve cultural.
4. Works of literature

Not a few works of literature, the cultural phenomena as part of his work. Only a paper Korrie Layun Rampan, “Fire, Cloud, Smoke” that the Dayak culture Benuaq.
5. Writing time

Era blog currently allows anyone to participate in culture through the hand writing. With blogs, everyone can read and even respond directly (compare with the diary is a more exclusive). Writings can be a reflection or the exposure, depending penyajiannya.

Try to compare the types of any posts on the books in the Old Testament and New Testament. You will surely find the cultural property in any posts in the various types and there, more than that, the word of God.

Transfer CULTURE THROUGH TEXT

Through cultural inheritance may be spelled out any posts that are not easy things. Moreover, when BASED on accuracy. Data and the meaning in it of course must be applicable as appropriate to the cultural community who want disclosed. Therefore, the following steps need to be.

1. Preliminary investigation

Selidiki culture diekspos the most rare in the media. Even if a culture was quite general, try cermati other aspects of culture, which seemed uncertain. Things that will be the minimal aspects that are important for disclosed. May dikata, the cultural aspect that is rarely raised, the more it needs to be appointed so that the part, although it is not practiced anymore, will still be learned as part of a cultural community.
2. Research

After finding a hidden aspect – say so – of a certain culture, do research or research more. Research can be done with regard to investigating the setuntas may be related to culture. However, we need to looking at these things:
1. cultural background related;
2. cultural aspects of the most widely known;
3. the community past and the present time;
4. heritage-cultural heritage;
5. of cultural actors.

Fourth it will be much less build a bridge to the cultural aspects of the rare diekspos. As the fragment pairs apart, we need to become a menjalinnya integrity in writing.
3. Test results

Tests can be done to meet again with the actors of culture, in this case the elders. Less, they are a source of reliable information to ensure the return of our research, if indeed true that our culture says any posts on it really fit with the facts or not. This is most appropriate when we want to present the words that are comprehensive. However, it does not mean irrelevant when applied to any posts that really only the cultural aspects of existence.
4. Withdrawal knot

When you have gained through the certainty of the test, provide a resume that’s clear so that everyone can understand.

Of course you do not have any posts mold scientific length only to settle things. In fact, we can utilize various types of any posts according to our ability to do pentransferan culture, including fiction. The steps above may tend to lead to scientific research. However, it is not impossible to apply in writing fiction. Because scientific sistematika often help a fiction author to appear meruntun sajiannya so captivating.

TEXT OF THE POPULAR

There is a tendency to eliminate popular writings as text only entertainment value only. Writings such as novels picisan considered as waste and not as works of literature are considered.

However, works of popular merebak the latter, only a novel-novel “chicklit” and “teenlit”, so should not only diacuhkan. Bobotnya may be far less work rather than other literature. However, the writings of the age such a phenomenon that can not be denied.

Popular works can also be seen as the embodiment of culture in this period. Try to compare the life of just teenagers at the time of lupus (Hilman paper) with the life style of teenagers “chicklit” and “teenlit”. Each still reflect on zamannya youth culture, popular culture.

Task SIAPA?

Finally, we should recognize our role as people believe. That through the write-write, the Gospel message can be, we can not mungkiri. Even as we have known the Kristuslah then we are obliged to continue the culture that produced in the Jovian generasinya. This means that the positive things that encourage the next generation to grow, need to be submitted. And writing is one way.

Israel in the Old Testament was to teach the truth the word of God contained in the law – something that can be said to be entrenched in the framework of living of the people of Israel – to the generation-generation below them (Deuteronomy 31:19). While the succession of the apostles with utter truth and ink pen with a good cause, so that each person know Christ and receive eternal life (1Yoh. 5:13).

Through any posts, we can (and should have) voice of truth says the Lord. No matter if you prefer to write fiction. Robert L. Short (1974: 13) once wrote that art (including works of fiction writing, literature) has the ability to conquer intellectual and emotional prejudices of men. Because that is not direct, inheriting the tradition of Christian fiction through the majestic can also become a means of outreach. And it is our duty to transmit culture to the Christian life the next generation.

Reading (Book) Not Only Just

What with the many books read automatically ago we akan easy pouring our ideas in writing? Therefore one of the questions that appear at the event’s participants talk show Read Community Building and Writing, 20 March 2003. The event, held at the Center for Japanese Studies, University of Indonesia campus new, Jakarta, is a cooperation committee UI Book Festival 2003 with the magazine Matabaca Reader and Reader-97.4 FM Jakarta News. Coincidence that in the event the author present and involved in the discussion.
Often we see the interest between the ability to write. So, if the reading habits of life have become, by itself with our easy to write. Relationships between reading with the writing very closely, although not seketat between listening to the talk. To be able to write, we have a lot of reading. Reading is the main means of writing skills. Reading provides a variety of energy that is required in an author, and in this effort can not be obtained in other ways (Marahimin Ismail, Writing the Popular, Pustaka Jaya, Jakarta, 1994; 17).
Presumption is not wrong, although not entirely correct. There is also temporarily in people, reading has become habit of life, but it’s just very difficult to start writing. Of akan question arises, whether someone might be able to write on rare or never read the book?
During this activity kepenulisan in the low-mahfumi only comes on the inability of someone to write a technical skill. For example, low language skills to write, resam language, does not understand the journalistic principle, and so forth. Yes, so can someone write the difficulty caused by technical factors, but there is one factor, and the author is far more important factors, namely non-, in the form of a desire to write (willingness to write) itself. As a human being, every human being has three roles (role), namely as being themselves, being the organization / community, and the creatures of God. By God, man is given a gift the winner, namely the freedom to have that in Ali Syariaati referred to as the free will to freedom or to disclose the existence memaknai to the existence of self.
Hairston in Nursisto (2000) mendiskripsikan benefits of writing, including as a means to find something, can bring new ideas and means to reveal the self, the ability to train and organize a variety clarify the concept, helping to absorb and process information, think actively train and develop the understanding and ability to use language . God kemanajeran task given to the human form is not only human to survive (to make a living), but also develop a more meaningful life (to lead a meaningful life) and participated in the life of praise (to ennoble life). In addition, establish a private-private dihayati by universal values and the self-conscious act and the reality that oppress. Humans must be able to understand the existence of the self and the environment because it has the personality and existence (Mansor Fakih, 2001).
Quite difficult for the author, makes a conclusion that the low activity kepengarangan / kepenulisan classified as a personal problem (individual problems) or social problems (social problems). Or perhaps the second problem is present at the same time caused the low read-write culture. At least, the conclusion is drawn on the basis of two facts: first, many people read books and other written text, but is not able to write; second, the world kepenulisan in Indonesia is still far from brisk ketegori.
Writing; Social Issues
Keringnya understanding of the culture of writing as social problems will bring us to the reality in the past filled with rezimentasi practices, the establishment of mental penyeragaman-soldiers, not only on the physical level (such as uniforms, clothing and shoes), but also against the idea penyeragaman (content brain). Discussion activities, writing, and read books prohibited, so that the potential creativity of the young group did not kunjung current. Want proof?
On 14 October 1981, four students, University of Indonesia rector sack them. The reason for inviting Pramoedya as one of the speakers in a discussion on campus, 24 September 1981. Which, of course, get bonus arrest outside legal form of military punishment. Seven years later, three youths arrested in Yogyakarta, arrested, tortured before trial, and convicted of the alleged subversion. The reason is not far different from their colleagues in Jakarta: own, read, discuss, and circulate the paper some novel Pramoedya. They punished imprisonment between seven to eight half-year at the age of them not yet 30 years old (Indonesia Year 1000, Editor: JB Kristanto, Publisher Book Kompas, Jakarta, 2000; 545-546).
With the irony of that, cut and fold drop-poke in the side of human feelings, as expressed in the Seno Gumira Ajidarma storiette Subject coal (Kompas Book Publishers, 1993; 9-15), which recounts how susahnya Sandra (10 years), one of 40 students from Mother Teacher Tati. At that time, Mrs. Teacher Tati gave the task of composing a title with three options that have been determined: We are happy Family, Holiday House to grandmother, and mother. Sandra wrap confusion because the fact that he lives Go there is no accordance with the third title. How can we write about a happy family while his father, who clearly does not? Similarly, a holiday home to a grandmother, who he suspected as the grandmother of the same characteristics because of a biological fact mucikari. Title of the third mother, Sandra also has kebing ungan that is not less pilunya. Until the final seconds of the 60 minutes of time composing lessons, Sandra can only write short sentences, mother of a prostitute.
Still writing about the social problems, interesting description dilontarkan by Eep Saefulloh Fatah during discussions at the Arena Theater, Taman Budaya Jakarta, 1 January 2000, which was then in the provocation dibukukan First Century: Building Pancadaya retake Humanity, Teen Rosda Karya, Bandung, 2000; 66 ). Properly when young students into the classroom, or sitting-sitting on the lakeside, or in the grass, then the child is left to write about that are flying dragonfly. He can write about grass terinjak, dry and dead. About the teacher tergerai hair long, he is enthralling. Or write ingusnya out while he must continue to complete the job to write it. About kaosnya the new teacher who never be told when the always long-winded. He can write about anything, in a sentence along sependek or anything. If we do this in school, how terrible kepengarangan atmosphere, the world of writing, we are now in place. How many people will be able to be the author.
On the basis of this low footing as a cultural and social issues related to writing the changes must be made through a change in strategy reedukatif system, values, behavior, including changes in educational goals. That is, no changes can be done alone, but must bersama-sama/kolektif. Involving all stakeholders (publishers, authors, book shops, family, lovers community read-write, students, college students and educational institutions) and shareholders (the government and the city or district, the Office of National Education and of course the central government / National Board of Books).
Writing; Personal Problems
Keringnya cultural understanding writing as a personal problem / lack of individual willingness to write something that is not autonomous, so it does not appear, it is accidental. However, the result is a rather more reasons, more a response rather than action. The cause of early failure is written in the text (books and other reading materials). Departure from the minds Karlina Supelli (in Alfons, 1999; 67), the text has the right to have any meaning, but readers of the same rights to construct meaning. Karlina cite what Gadamer cited: reading allows terbentuknya intersection between the world of life and the world of the text so that readers eksistensial take actions that make up your own meaning of the text; readers as apply to textual meaning in life konkretnya; participate in the natural meaning of the similarity in the text . Peak on the understanding achieved a paper when the reader to understand himself better, understands himself differently. The simple, readers are able to possibilities and keberlangsungannya, through what he read.
Book is not only a window of the world, but in the book there is life and life itself. Because reading is not an activity but added that intertwine with the meaning of the text. The reader is co-creator of meaning. Text into a presence that the kungkungan time.
Still according to Karlina mengiyakan raised Virginia Woolf’s the best way to read is to (also) to write. With writing, try a dangerous experiment with words and kesukarannya. Reading is not separate from the writing. Both forming the road to the future. Both are a part that allows the development of individual reasoning, critical thinking is independent, the sensitivity against humanity.
Actually I just want to say that our inability to write on the side of the fruit failure in memaknai / read the text, we also failed to read in the context of the incident-natural, social phenomenon, the behavior being, so that the result of stupidity empathy, cuek-to-right against self-actual failed memaknai existence in his life. Hen just anxious to leave their children in a cage that is not secure. But the man who can calm rational people see nearly threatened disaster. (Muhammad Zuhri, 1996).
There are two thesis to explain the good correlation between positive or negative reading habits with writing skills. First, the only functional. Second, the alphabetical (technical). Based on publications issued by UNESCO Statistical Year Book 1993 that dilansir ravel 10 May 1996 entitled Kwaku Less Book three reality shows.
First, 84 percent of our population be literate in the average developed country only 69 percent. Second, the number of newspapers throughout ravel only 2.8 prsen of the population. Index of UNESCO at least about 10 percent while the industry in the country reached 30 percent. Third, the number of new books published 0.0009 percent of the total population which means that 9 new titles for each of a million inhabitants. Average of developing countries 55 per one million inhabitants. Developed countries 513 titles per one million population (Daniel Dhakidae, 1997; 187). Statistical data from the above we can find a fact that literacy is not always positively correlated to the level of author / authors that are reflected in the number of books read and other media. Respond to this fact, Ignas Kleden (in Alfons, op.cit; 9) differentiate literacy into three categories. First, those who are technically able to read but the functional and the culture of fact-blind letter. Because it can jarangnya reading, or the nature of the work that they do not have the time to practice the ability to read.
Second, they are classified as read and write functions that must occur because the consequences of the work. However, once made the very poor reading and writing as practices for communication and expression through writing. Try to ask on this group, how much time the letter was written in a year or the amount of money spent to buy the book for a year. This group is classified as technical and functional literacy, but are still illiterate culture.
Third, those who have any capability in addition to read-write the technical and functional, making it read-write as the needs of daily living, with read and write things that are not only limited to their work. In this third category, needs to hear and speak is not always greater than the need to read and write.
Inability to write because someone has failed in reading in the environment despite the fact he diligently read the books and other written text. On the basis of this thesis, the author prefers to interpret the process as collect, convey, fathom, investigate and find out. So to be fair if someone said to make a habit of reading higher, but still had difficulty writing. Conversely, while there are people who read activities (textual) may be spelled usual-usual course, but the flow of creative writings continue to flow.
Sapardi Djoko Damono entitled any posts in a Language and Writing Skills, which is collected in the range of approaches in Teaching English and Literature-Structure, humanistic, communicative and Pragmatik (Editor: Muljanto Sumardi, Jakarta, Pustaka Sinar Harapan, 1996; 186) asserts that read simply can no longer distinguish between the letters m and n, and write simply can not put a period (.) on the letter i. Reading should include the ability to understand the high esteem and the various length. Includes the ability to write that the longer the more superior to mold minds and feelings in writing.
Reading is not enough, there must be efforts to make-contemplation contemplation contemplation, as well as the roads to see the reality so that our understanding of the whole thing, not partial. Because it is not rare that writing (das sollen) in the book different from the actual happening (das sien). Reading becomes a means of beginning to know the reality of life indeed.
Women, Sex, and Literature
Later this polemic in a variety of discussions and a number of mass media about the phenomenon of the emergence of women writers who present with the papers had sex. Many view that basically imply merebaknya concerns over the phenomenon. The polemic, I see that the diresahkan by many people is because they are zealous about the human body this postscript women, exactly young women. That is, many people were noisy sex in a matter of recent literature we only write that because a woman!
Controversy about sex or about things in the works of erotic literature in fact we have often occurred. In the colonial period, occurs between the hidden polemic figures Balai Pustaka with people outside the Central Library. In Nota Rinkes, for example, called on-call works of literature that is considered taboo and violate the moral damage. At the end of the colonial period, the appearance of Armijn carcans Pane discuss the love and perselingkuhan also cause controversy. At the end of the 1960s occurred long discussion about the novels Motinggo Busye since Bibi Marsiti trilogy that contains many elements considered to be pornography. Furthermore, there was also discussion between Harry Aveling with Goenawan Mohamad as appear in Sex, Literature, We (written 1969).
As was expressed by critics of literature through a HT Faruk any posts titled Sex and Politics in the Literature of Indonesia (2003). In Sex, Literature, We, Goenawan Mohamad see there are three patterns in the attitudes of Indonesian literature to sexual issues and how sexual depiction. First, the papers that try to discuss sex, but does not dare menggambarkannya, who works in the term Harry Aveling treat sexual issues as thorny roses. Second, the papers that discuss sex and menggambarkannya way meneriakkannya with the hard-hard. Works that may be classified as works of pornografis, describing the events explicitly erotic. Third, the papers that discuss sex as part of human life and a reasonable menggambarkannya reasonably well, as implied in the cliff-cliff U mar early Kayam and poems Sitor Situmorang.
In the novel appear Ayu Utami, Saman (1998), there was also controversy. In the history of Indonesian literature, since Ayu Utami incredible things happen in the issue of sex in literature. Not only in writing because keberaniannya sexuality explicitly compared with the works of Indonesian literature previously, but also because the author is following the trend of such women writers, such as the Dinar Rahayu, Djenar Maesa Ayu, and Nova Riyanti and Herlinatiens. In an interview, contest winners writing novels Arts Council of Jakarta in 2004, Dewi Sartika, with overtly acknowledge that novelnya, Dadaisme, how writing is influenced by Ayu Utami.
Literature and movement Zaman
Historical record, a rising controversy over works of literature most often occur because ketidaksiapan community concerned or the authorities (authorities to political, spiritual, moral) in the expression of different individuals and even conflict with the collective value system. Here, the issue shifted from the literature of the sociology, politics and even, as happened in the works of Milan Kundera.
When D. H. Lawrence memublikasikan Lady Chatterleys Lover seabad back in the UK or while in France Gustave Flaubert publishes Madame Bovary previous few years, many people feel tersengat not load because sex is the second novel, but because the two works of literature that opens with the sexual behavior hipokrisi the elite community. In both novels, the dikisahkan perselingkuhan the respectable man’s wife (Lady Chatterley and Emma Bovary), which would find happiness outside of marriage. Lady Chatterley even dikisahkan berselingkuh gardener with her own, a noble veteran and a war invalid. A spanking for a social construction that has been established and do not want criticism. That also happens here with the fetters of Armijn Pane in the 1930’s.
When the end of the 1960s to early 1970s sexual revolution occurred in the United States as a reaction to the continuing war on dikobarkan everywhere (Korea, Vietnam) by the older generation that they have a certain patriarkis; of sex to be the theme of rebellion young children and fear of death (fear) with the face of love (love) through the famous motto is (make love, not war!), several names appear as icons, including in the literature.
One nin Anas (1903-1977) the chance of a woman. American novelist and short story writer of French descent to write a series of daily notes that contain sexually explicit at the end of the age reinforces the name as a feminist icon and author in the vanguard of his country in line with the movement of the age that demands scrutiny. That’s also all associated with a number of his affair in real life, including the United States with other prominent writers, Henry Miller.
In the introduction to the collection of stories erotisnya, Delta of Venus: Erotica (1969), which is the nin fans DH Lawrence, among others, that the writing is trying to write down the aspects of female sexuality from the perspective of women and penghayatan itself, not the sexuality of women’s glasses as the man who made DH Lawrence through a number of female characters in the novel-novelnya: Lady Chatterley, Ursula Brangwen.
Women and Sex in Literature We
It seems like there are here since six years ago. Not the first time in the history of women’s literature we write sexuality openly in his work. NH. Dini has done so, also drops Basino or Dorothea Rosa Herliany by a poet who dijuluki women who identify with the disarray diksi men. The difference, at this time this was happening simultaneously, such as outbreaks, and involves many new names that actually potential.
Momentumnya failure is the New Order regime that militaristic, patriarkis, Puritans, authoritarian and monolithic. Topple the regime of the violence, glorify hate diversity and uniformity. They insisted on a lot of people dictate what can and can not be. Expression direpresi unique individual in the name of stability. They memasung many things: women, sexuality, the freedom to create, engage the right, and associate many things that actually are in a private area.
Ayu Utami, the beginner, through Saman (written in 1997, when Soeharto still in power) about many things, not just sex, but when we read with a thick jelly in the novel is the feel of politisnya, particularly criticism of the powers of the New Order and the militaristic patriarkis power. Borrowing terminology Mikhail Bakhtin, the novel contains hetroglossia, diversity, the withdrawal a carnival. Novels about the labor stoppage, with the collusion of the local military, torture activist, supernatural phenomena, as well as the Catholic faith, male dominance over women, sexuality and love, the beautiful language dibalut and eksploratif.
After appearing Saman, berbondong-group of women who previously stated bridled rebellion in their works, including the use of sexuality as a theme, such as the Dinar Rahayu and Djenar Maesa Ayu. Society is not ready to witness something new gelagapan. Many reactions that occur is not more than attacks against the private life of the author, not a spirited discussion about the paper and enrich them. Sentence-sentence cut them out of context just to prove how the women have been mengumbar smut in their paper.
In the first book discussion, Ode to Leopold von Sacher-Masoch, who reveal phenomena sexual deviation in our urban community, Dinar Rahayu dipojokkan with a personal question that there is no concern with his work. He dihujat and considered obscene claim because writing a novel through. He then must pay a publication novelnya with the loss of a job as a chemistry teacher at a private school in Bandung.
Why are we so upset when the women writing about sex and sex? Burukkah so when a woman with a fair write about women’s sexuality from their own glasses?
Indeed, there is no sexual division of labor in the literature. That is, not relevant to what women have to write and what man can write. It is also not a relevant associate with the private life of the author. Basically, both a work of literature it is only feasible with the measured parameters related to the literature.

Utilization of Internet Media for Writing

The existence of the Internet is one of a very big opportunity for the author. No matter whether you are a beginner or author senior author, you can take advantage of the Internet media to reach the area broadest publicity. Moreover, if calculated, costs much cheaper than printed matter published.

You also do not need to become experts in the field of information technology if only want to write on the internet. Of course knowledge in the field of web akan much help. But you will not need more rather than the content of any posts that you submit, unless you really want to make any posts about information technology.

PLUS-Minus write in INTERNET

Choosing the Internet as a place to publish any posts is a good decision. Moreover, when the print media seemed like a wall or hard penetrated dirobohkan. You do not have to wait too long until your paper published. In fact, you do not have to worry about your writing to be returned with a letter of rejection.

Internet media are also providing the freedom of expression. BASED still far in the norms that apply, write anything that you can express your personality. In fact, you can find colleagues who may also have an interest or a hobby with you.

Internet media is also a media mengglobal. So that everyone can access your posts. Thus, in addition to writing and publishing free expression through, you also get publicity for free.

Currently, many web sites do not just ask that you put the category writing. Now there is a “Tagging.” So, your writing to be more easily found through search engines. Thus, the chance your writing to be opened or visited (and I hope that all read) will be the greater.

One other interesting aspect is the interactivity. Currently, almost all web sites provide comments. At least have a contact page that can be used to communicate with the author or the manager. In fact there is a form of communication to provide the “Shoutbox”. This is clearly easier for readers (visitors) to interact with you. This opportunity must be used because you are not writing for yourself, but to your readers.

There are advantages, there are shortages. This principle is certainly you will find in the Internet world. When trying to write in the internet world, you must dare to take risks facing shortfalls of these media are presented.

One thing you must realize is that you can not really control or lock any posts that you install on any web site. When you decide memublikasikannya in the internet, anyone can access them. It is also similar will happen for those who put “pay in advance” for a particular publication.

Initialization freedom in your writing to enable copyright infringement on a work of wide open. Not only that, plagiarisme also it is very possible. There is no way that can be done to ensure that this does not happen. The only suggestion is to install a possible denial (disclaimer) with a clear on the details of your writing to. For example, with states: “Do not copy or distribute the content of this paper, in whole or in part, for any purpose without permission from the author.” Or by writing: “This paper can be copied and distributed so far to include a clear source and not for commercial purposes.” But trust, you can not do more than that.

Attitudes and conditions of readers into the next weakness. We know, not have people who really can survive long in front of the monitor just to read a novel, for example – only those who really are addicted to self-impose. Our eyes tend to be more easily tired than when reading printed books. This situation will encourage readers to do the reading quickly. Your readers will decide to scan (scan) or to read faster (speed reading). But this is actually not a big problem also. If any posts you are really interesting and valuable, readers will be willing berlama-old read any posts until you are finished.

TERMS-write in INTERNET TERMS

What are the requirements that must be fulfilled for the writing on the internet? For you who are used to write the printed, this might be a question that often arises. Although this question for most people be less relevant, but yet still many who are curious about with this. Why not. Let’s see.

In fact, almost no condition that distinguishes the writing in the print media and internet media. Previously, it was mentioned if any posts for the serving of the Internet media should be a short-short, do not wear the long-long. However, the “rules” as it appears to have been less relevant again. Moreover, thousands of recent books that have been transferred from the print form to electronic form. Unless you really want to write the news, should take no dizziness.

1.Originality

One of the main requirement in this case is originality. Readers interested in the simple things that is unique. Start of title selection, to the content that is poured. The more unique, more interesting the reader. But not to excessive.

Originality also means different from the others. Initial concept of any posts you may be inspired by any posts other people, either the form of opinions, essays, and fiction stories. But you still need to step further than simply giving appreciation to write or hold any posts with impersonating another person. Rather than as a writer, you will be charged as a plagiarist.
2.Responsible

You are free to write anything on the internet. Type in any words that you can put in there without fear of hearing an editor cried, “Tulisanmu float too!” However, writing to you and must show that you are responsible terhadapnya.

Your responsibility is to be shown to give an explanation as to the condition that you write. In the work of fiction, you must be a logical menyajikannya so that readers see you as an author who is responsible. While the responsibility of the author in the opinion, reviews, and writing nonfiksi other can be referenced by providing the facts that have (and may terlewatkan attention by readers).
3.Available Market

You should be aware that you will not be able to satisfy all parties through your writing to. Almost impossible to write for the whole field and the people in every field. Instead of satisfying, you’ll be labeled as an author who like inconsequent wrongly raise only one field. Therefore, you should identify your readers.

If you want to write for teenagers, sajikanlah any posts that are relevant to them. If you want to write for the business, sajikanlah something appropriate for the business world. If you want to write a children’s tale, a pattern also adjust their thinking. In other words, write something that is the interest and level of language and genre of the market that your viewfinder.

Likewise when you decide on any posts pouring in a community. Some sites require you to write a community according to the specified theme. For example, the site Pelitaku, you can not write fiction in there, but the manager decided to open the fiction section.

Journalism

Rapid progress of information mature enough to provide this progress is significant. Print or electronic media are each other so that the speed is not the surefire when hunters are required kreativitasnya news in the delivery of information. Control of basic journalistic knowledge capital is a very important when we go in this world. The existence of the media is no longer a penyampai the actual information to the public, but the media also have a heavy responsibility in showing the facts to always act objectively in each pemberitaannya.

What is Journalism?

According to Kris Budiman, journalism (journalistiek, Netherlands) can be limited to short as the preparation, writing, editing, and delivering news to the public through a media channel. Journalism includes coverage of the activities to the distribution to the public. Previously, in journalism is also narrow with the print publication. These understandings are not limited only to the print media such as newspapers, magazines, etc.., But extends into electronic media such as radio or television. Based on the media used include print journalism (print journalism), electronic (electronic journalism). Lately this has also developed a journalism connected (online journalism).

jurnalistik

It’s like a small movie, and I also like the Reviews. Hence pas journalism course I took. Why I study in journalism, because at that time I think that the film is it can be contrived, because in the time I love film, film in Indonesia it is cinema, there is a Hollywood film. I tetep watching, sampe abis cuma pocket money and to make a video movie.

I watch that is Rainman, the movie that I ngerubah taste, and since then I find a film like that. And I also fell in love with Jennifer Connelly in the movie Rocketeer. I kerjar all her films, which appeared to have a real good after that. Now I watch because the movie is a Hollywood, film happens is that I make, I just real good movie I can contrived.

Pas lecture but I interact with children GSSTF (Gelanggang Literary Arts, Theater and Film) Pajajaran University Bandung. I know there is a new film can be made. Then again they’d like to make short films. Short film? Bener-bener is a foreign word I made at that time. Well at that time I new if I could film was studied, and can also be lo koq bikin film if lo want. Well since then actually.

Politik

Janji SBY-JK Sharing Respect

President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono and Vice President Jusuf Kalla in a limited cabinet meeting, Friday (24 / 4), affirming their commitment to continue working closely with the same period merampungkan Indonesia Bersatu Cabinet work and compete with mutual respect in the upcoming presidential election.

Limited cabinet meeting (ratas) was attended by governors nationwide. Ratas discuss readiness organize presidential elections in July and the upcoming issue support the central and local governments to the General Elections Commission (KPU) and the KPU.

“Ratas Before starting, I conduct a meeting with the Vice President as a special presidential and Vice President, as two close friends that during this run with the wheels of government. We both later in time will compete, “said the President when it opened ratas.

According to Yudhoyono, Jusuf Kalla, and he agreed to build a new political culture. “There should be a competition that ended with the distance, let alone the hostility does not result,” he said.

The President also stressed, both still work together as president and Vice President until the end of the tribute of Indonesia Bersatu Cabinet in October 2009.

After ratas, West Sumatra Governor Gamawan Fauzi menuturkan, Vice President Jusuf Kalla in ratas emphasize also that, there is no need to fear that President Yudhoyono and himself have not analogous in the government at this time.

Meanwhile, observers of the law governing the state, Irman Putra Sidin, say, the Yudhoyono and Kalla to enter the new Babakan. Both will be facing in the upcoming presidential election to memperebutkan power. He estimated that this situation will create many problems in government in six months.

Vomit balls

According Irman, the ministers from Golkar akan remain stable support Yudhoyono wait because “the ball vomit” Presidential Election of 2009 and can be re-entered the cabinet said. “Thus, the guncang is only in the level of RI-1 and RI-2,” he said.

Executive Director of the Cirus Surveyors Group Andrinof Chaniago also remind members of the Cabinet Indonesian Golkar Party of Unity so that serious work remains, the remaining six months to live again. “If the ministers from Golkar was not more serious work, a bad image of Golkar,” said Andrinof.

According Andrinof, when the ministers from Golkar Party is less concerned with their duties in government and the people Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono is to improve performance, Democrat and other parties who have ministers in the government will get a positive image. (DAY / SUT )

Source: Kompas Cetak

kesehatan

Coffee, Drink a cup of delicious

Coffee is a drink that most people tune. Out of every three people in the world, one of them is a coffee drinker. Coffee is really good favor if drunk morning or at night when work accumulate. Coffee is one of the most enjoyed drink a lot of people, not just diteguk course, but also enjoyed. Business has become a coffee business tens of billions of dollars, which is only capable disaingi by petroleum business.
Chocolates Make More Healthy Living

Brown (or chocolate in the Dictionary of English), many liked the food. Mumble or imagine when menyeruput glass or enjoy a warm chocolate tart with a layer of chocolate to make sure people can not wait to do it. Not only as cemilan for young children, but Brown also enjoyed many adults. In fact, chocolate is often used as gifts for people tersayang. Why chocolate is considered a sign of love for someone? Substances are contained in chocolate so that this food has a lot penikmatnya? Is chocolate a food is harmful to health?
Avocado fruit and versatile Rich Benefits

Avocado (Persea americana) – in English according to the standard dictionary of English as avokad called – is a fruit that we see often. This versatile fruit has many benefits for people and property. There are many benefits of a rich substance that is found in the fruit. The green fruit is often used for juice or ice in the intervention and other dishes. It seems that many people favor making it. Some people are afraid to mengkonsumsinya because they have high fat contents. What is true is that? What are the benefits and property avokad or avocado?
Tea for Health Conditions

Tea is a beverage that is widely known in Indonesia and in the world. Brown drink this beverage become common penjamu guests. Aromanya the fragrant and distinctive taste make this a lot of drinks consumed. In addition to the surplus before, there are many substances that have a lot of benefits that are very useful for the health body.
Fruit consumption for Health

Fruit is one of the foods that support our health. Consumption of fruit has been known many people as the complement to meet the healthy food menu for nutrition and fruit have the necessary nutrients the body. Fruit is very beneficial for the body and is the part that is not separated so that we can keep healthy and in shape. The fruit must also be a menu to your food daily. Therefore, we need to know what are the benefits of fruit? And what are the womb of the fruit for our health?
Benefits of Apple Fruit

Apel, who does not know with this fruit? Fruit is easily obtained because the place is sold in various selling units. Many kinds of fruit and apples have color everywhere. Many apples preferred because it is typical. Based on the research, one in apple fruit are believed to have a lot of property that benefit the body. What are the actual fruit of apples? And what benefits can be obtained from an apple?
Bean = whelk?

Do not eat beans often in the number of the many, whelk arise later in the face. Myths about the pimple so that the truth is still a pro and contra between beauty experts. In addition to nuts, chocolate also seems to be the main enemy for the women who face ditumbuhi simple pimple.

Is it true? Well, until now the debate is still frequently occur. American Academy of Dermatology, an institutional arrangement for skin beauty, is one of the body that does not blotch caused by foods such as nuts, chocolate or ice cream. However, a research, prove that for behind.

Colorado State University Department of Health and Exercise, suggested to reduce the sugar and foods high degree karbohiodratnya. Institutions have been researching about 1300 people in the island Kitivan Papua New Guinea, the fast food and sweet food berkarbohidrat. Seharo-day, they eat only fish, fruit and meat that is traditionally cooked. The result? No one pustule is sit in their wahaj.
Consume too much sugar can increase the insulin level in the blood, where they trigger the production of androgen hormone that makes the skin so oily. Such statement from Howard Murad, a professor from the UCLA School of Medicine. The statement explains why the population of the island is free from the pimple.

To you who are still trying to fight pimple, harmless to try, is not it? Start today, try to reduce the sugar in tea or coffee. And the bread-rotian, potato or rice on the menu every day you, so that the pimple-free face so your own.
Detoks Monodiet

Monodiet based mengkomsumsi with only one fruit or fresh vegetables. Women who take one day this is the first step in a good Detox program. The effect is very clear feel for the health and vitality the body.

Menu Diet
Select a type of organic fruit or vegetables that are cooked and fresh. You will need 1.6 kg of fruit or vegetables. Choose one of the fruit atay vegetables erikut: grape, apple, pear, pineapple, papaya, carrot, mentimun, or celery. Eat small and it is varied. For example: You can scrape atay a vegetable choice for breakfast, make it into juice for lunch and ate directly to dinner.
Haru on the morning drink a glass of hot water mixed with fruit juice and half a lemon to awaken your heart. Do not forget to drink 1.5 liters of mineral water that is filtered regularly throughout the day.

Fitness exercises that are important
Morning: do peregangan simple system to stimulate limfa. Some time later, do aromatherapy or shiatsu massage or relaxation techniques, breathing exercises, such as

Afternoon: try some movement exercises Pilates or yoga. Other alternative is swimming, cycling or walking.

Afternoon: do relaxation with meditation or visualization practice simple techniques. Care for themselves with a pedicure or menikur, reading books, or listening to music that win. After that, berendamlah in salt water inggirs and be prepared to sleep with the early reading books, or drink a cup of the herbal win.

source: book “Natural Detoks Confidential”, Tracey Kelly, Publisher Erlangga
Detoks with Fresh Fruit

Fresh fruit warehouse is an important vitamin for the body. Womb with vitamins, minerals, fiber, amino acid and enzyme, fresh fruit will always become important figures in all kinds of detoks program because it helps bind and remove them from the poison in the body.

Orange fruit
This refreshing fruit contains a lot of vitamin C, powerful antioxidants that are able to protect the body from harmful free radicals and prevent penuaan early. Antioxidants also help reduce the risk fell ill of cancer and heart disease, and to improve the absorption of iron.
Lemom citrus fruit cleaning is probably the most good. Gynecology astringen and stimulate job antiseptiknya heart and gall bladder. A glass of hot water and fresh lemon lime perasan is how best to launch a plan detoks. Perasan fresh orange and grapefruit will stimulate digestive system and make healthy body. In addition, perasan fruits are also rich in beta-karoten, calcium, phosphorus and potassium.

Apple, pear and Wine
Apples that contain intricate malat acid and tartaric acid, increasing the role of digestive system and clean the liver. Gynecology akan high pectin that binds heavy metals such as lead. Apple also provides a stable energy supply to the uterus fruktosa (lemon)
Pear fruit is next. When eaten regularly, pear can help beautify the skin and makes hair shimmer. In addition, pear also act as a diuretic medication (stimulant production of urine) and laksatif (mineral oil) is effective. The fruit is wine. Wine is used in many monodiet a day is one of the tools detoks the most effective. This fruit can evidently relieve constipation and help overcome problems kidneys, heart, digestive system and skin. Wine is the most good white wine or red wine.

Mango
Fruit with flesh that is soft and fragrant terbukti able to clean the blood. Fruit is also good for the kidneys and digestive system

source: book “Natural Detoks Confidential”, Tracey Kelly, Publisher Erlangga,

Dictionary of Television Broadcasting

menjadi a kamerawan (camera person) is not complex, is the main study. Trying new things is not difficult, we have to be creative. And most importantly we must understand the terms broadcasting around the world especially pertelevisian

Akting: An understanding of the process and the creation of personal behavior and character of someone who diperankan.
»Audio Visual: a device for the menggunakkan sound and picture elements.
»Art Director: a referrer for art from an artistic production.
»Assistant producer: A producer who helped in the running duties.
»Audio Mixing: The process of unification and penyelarasan sound from various types and forms of voice.
»Angle: Corner shot.
»Animator: designation for someone who beprofesi as the creator of the animation.
»Audio Effect: The effect sound.
»Ambience: Voters natural image of the object.
»Broadcaster: designation for someone who works in the broadcasting industry.
»Background: Background.
»Blocking: The placement of objects that match the needs of the picture.
»Bridging scene: scenes intermediary between the scenes – the scene other.
»Back Light: The placement of the lamp base from the rear corner of the object.
»Shoot breakdown: The picture is in accordance with the script or sequence of events.
»Bumper In: The TV program that started back after the commercial ad.
»Bumper Out: The TV program that will stop a moment because the commercial ad.
»Credit Title: Order of the production team and support the event.
»Chroma Key: A method of electronically conducting merger between video image with a video image where other techniques used in the process of the Key Color can be changed according to the needs of foreground and background.
»Beat on Cutting: cutting technique based image tempo.
»Clip Hanger: for a scene or image that will invite curiosity about the continuation of a spectator event, but it should be postponed because of rest commercial ads.
»Cut: Cutting images.
»Cutting: The process of cutting the image.
»Camera Blocking: The placement of the camera position according to the needs of the picture.
»Clear – Com: for the use of a head-set of audio associated with the master control room.
»Channels: Channels.
»Crazy Shot: The image was recorded through a camera that is not uniform.
»Compotition: Composition / size of pictures or framing
»Continuity: sustainability.
»Cross Blocking: The placement of the position of the object in accordance with the needs of cross image.
»Crane: block and tackle specific to the camera and the Playground that you can move the camera up and down.
»Clip On: Microphone mounted on a specific object without seeing.
»Casting: The process of selecting players act in accordance with the character and role that will be given.
»Close Up: The image from a short distance.
»Compugrafis Design: Graphic Design Technology is drawn through a computer.
»Duration: The time is given or executed.
»Dimmer: Used to control the decrease in light intensity increased.
»Disc Jokey: a vehicle for the music video clips that show.
»Dissolve: Tekhnik cumulation in the image editing and multi syuting camera.
»Depth of Field: Area where all the items that are received by the camera lens and appear with the right focus. Usually this is influenced by the distance between the object and the camera’s lens focal length and f-stop.
»Dialogue: The conversation that appears in the scene.
»Dramatic Emotion: emotions picture dramatically.
»Editing: The process of cutting the image.
»Ending Title: The order of names listed at the end of the movie.
»Engineering: citation for the manufacture and distribution of work in broadcasting technical problems.
»Establish Shot: Pictures of natural and reasonable.
»Extreme Close Up: The images from very close distance.
»Focus: Penyelarasan the image detail, sharp, and clear approach to the original object.
»Final Editing: The process of cutting the picture completely.
»Floor Director: A person who is responsible to communicate the desire director, from the master control to the studio production.
»Camera Filters: Filters are used to the camera.
»Footage: Images – pictures that are available and can be used.
»Hunting Location: The process of search and the use of best locations for syuting.
»Headset: Used to be able to listen to the voice director.
»Hand held: Tekhnik use the camera with the hand without a tripod.
»Image: Icons appropriate object.
»Jumping Shot: The process is not the image sequence.
»Jimmy Jib: pulley that is driven automatic camera with a remote.
»Job Description: Description of the type of work.
»Commercial Pause: When your ad among commercial television.
»Job Title: Naming of office on the job.
»Conservative: Serba regular, orderly, and is.
»Creator: quotation for someone to create a creative work.
»Lighting: light regulation.
»Lighting Effect: The effect of light regulation.
»Wide lens: Used to enlarge the point of view of the image from the camera.
»Super Wide Lens: Used to enlarge the very point of view the image from the camera.
»Long Shot: The image was recorded from a far distance. Usually used in a way the image from the point of the length and width.
»Master Control: the main technical device to control the process of broadcasting audio and video distribution of various production inputs on the show to broadcast live and Recorded.
»Magazine Show: Design the event with a magazine format.
»Main Object: Target on the main object.
»Medium Close Up: The image of distance away.
»Medium Shot: Images that are taken from a distance.
»Medium Long Shot: The image of long and short distance away.
»Monitor: Used to monitor the image.
»Master Video: Video recording containing the main television to show the ready and stored.
»Multi-Camera: The system governing the production of audio visual syuting simultaneously using a number of the camera.
»Middle Close Up: The images are from the

White Balance and Black Balance

White Balance: Procedure to correct the color image from the camera and the CCD sensitivity to change in the light spectrum. Generally, this procedure uses white light as a basis.

One of the obligations before the cameraman was recording the image must set the camera white balance first. At its core television or video to receive light from the 3 primary colors RGB, red, green, and blue. When the three colors is combined in the same comparison, it will produce light color putih.Itulah why “white balance” on the make to the camera with the object of the white color of white is what we need to adjust the white object so that really looks white in the lens camera. When white light when exposed to only a few other colors will be changed, such as yellowish or bluish. If the outside / outdoor, the color video camera that captured tend bluish. While in the room / indoor tend reddish.

The RGB
RGB also have meaning, why we call RGB? Not RBG or BGR?
This is related to the Human Skin Tones (human skin color) in which the element is dominated by the red (RED) and green (GREEN) and the last blue (BLUE) or known to the formula R> G> B, That is why in the chroma key technique use the background color of blue or green not red.

Therefore in some video camera equipped with a filter color correction and white balance that is installed between the lens and the camera tube. In general, a video camera equipped with 2 filter corrections for outdoor and indoor. But there is also equipped with 4 types of color correction filter.

White Balance

White balance has to be done if:
1.Kamera new start-up
2.Kaadaan light changed for example from sunlight to artificial light
3.Ketika use the additional light
4.Ketika changed position from indoor to outdoor and vice versa

How to set the white balance in general do with:
1.Atur filter appropriate light conditions
2.Arahkan camera to a white object, do not try to bounce back
Arrange 3 slices and focus
4.Kemudian press the “white balance”

BLACK Balance

Black balance is the same as setting the white balance.
If the white balance to give a reference to the camera white balance to give the black lead to black, however this function is usually only on the type of professional camera and not in the consumer camera.

Black balance must also be done in the beginning before we make the image, when the ‘filter’ and ‘gain-level’ and also in the light conditions change, or changed.

Black balance is not perfect color color akan showed that not perfect, especially in the dark area in the image on the record

How to set the ‘black balance’;
- First first set the ‘white balance’
- Then set the ‘black balance’
- Last set back ‘white balance’

The CAHAYA IN VIDEO

Subject in the record will be clearly visible and bright when the light is in the atmosphere terang.Misalnya atmosphere afternoon to give the bright light that is ideal for recording outside (out door). The camera requires a minimum of light to create a recording.

The intensity of the light source in a measure the size of LUX, suppose the number of candles 10Lux, the higher the number of lux light, then the better the video recording of a good dihasilkan.Video can only produce in the atmosphere by measuring the light more 900Lux.

Light lunch the size of the bright light of 35,000 Lux sometimes increased up to 100,000 Lux, but the light is not capable of this signed by the video camera, for example, by day or riparian / snow usually reduce the use of ‘Neutral Density filters (ND)’

Tata Voters in the broadcasting world

Voters in broadcast radio, television and Film there are many sources that must diseimbangkan and diselaraskan.

For example, there are sound Alam (Natural Sound / Natsound), Voice Objects (People, Animals, Machines), Voice narration (dubbing), Voice Music (Illustrasi and Sound Effects).

Now to be able to balance and harmonize voices from various sources, the mixing process dilakukanlah Organized by voice vote to produce a harmonious heard so tasty.

Microphone selection is appropriate, the microphone distance, the Equalizer, the Fader Mixer is a few key steps that will determine the success of the Playground voice produces sound in a balanced and harmonious heard so tasty.

Which means that, in addition to a Playground Voters must provide oneself with the technical knowledge technologist, is also not less important also must have a “Sense Of Arts.” This is because the sound is good not only generated by the type of equipment only, but also determined by how piawainya a vote Playground equipment that make the adjustment faces.

Tata merupaka voice is absolutely the case made in the production and broadcasting radio and television events. However, science needs to governance Voters Radio and Television is very different from the science of sound that are required for the purposes of Public Address (mass needs in the field). The difference is in the case of Balancing.

Balancing the need for Public Address drip beratkan balance and harmony that the speaker output monitor, which means that not all have to go through the sound source Audio Mixer. While balancing for Radio television beratkan drip on balance and harmony output Audio Mixer, which means that all sources must be signed in voice processing and Audio Mixer. Tata Voice Radio and Television is exactly the same procedure used for the sound use of Non-Track

White Balance and Black Balance

White Balance: Procedure to correct the color image from the camera and the CCD sensitivity to change in the light spectrum. Generally, this procedure uses white light as a basis.

One of the obligations before the cameraman was recording the image must set the camera white balance first. At its core television or video to receive light from the 3 primary colors RGB, red, green, and blue. When the three colors is combined in the same comparison, it will produce light color putih.Itulah why “white balance” on the make to the camera with the object of the white color of white is what we need to adjust the white object so that really looks white in the lens camera. When white light when exposed to only a few other colors will be changed, such as yellowish or bluish. If the outside / outdoor, the color video camera that captured tend bluish. While in the room / indoor tend reddish.

The RGB
RGB also have meaning, why we call RGB? Not RBG or BGR?
This is related to the Human Skin Tones (human skin color) in which the element is dominated by the red (RED) and green (GREEN) and the last blue (BLUE) or known to the formula R> G> B, That is why in the chroma key technique use the background color of blue or green not red.

Therefore in some video camera equipped with a filter color correction and white balance that is installed between the lens and the camera tube. In general, a video camera equipped with 2 filter corrections for outdoor and indoor. But there is also equipped with 4 types of color correction filter.

White Balance

White balance has to be done if:
1.Kamera new start-up
2.Kaadaan light changed for example from sunlight to artificial light
3.Ketika use the additional light
4.Ketika changed position from indoor to outdoor and vice versa

How to set the white balance in general do with:
1.Atur filter appropriate light conditions
2.Arahkan camera to a white object, do not try to bounce back
Arrange 3 slices and focus
4.Kemudian press the “white balance”

BLACK Balance

Black balance is the same as setting the white balance.
If the white balance to give a reference to the camera white balance to give the black lead to black, however this function is usually only on the type of professional camera and not in the consumer camera.

Black balance must also be done in the beginning before we make the image, when the ‘filter’ and ‘gain-level’ and also in the light conditions change, or changed.

Black balance is not perfect color color akan showed that not perfect, especially in the dark area in the image on the record

How to set the ‘black balance’;
- First first set the ‘white balance’
- Then set the ‘black balance’
- Last set back ‘white balance’

The CAHAYA IN VIDEO

Subject in the record will be clearly visible and bright when the light is in the atmosphere terang.Misalnya atmosphere afternoon to give the bright light that is ideal for recording outside (out door). The camera requires a minimum of light to create a recording.

The intensity of the light source in a measure the size of LUX, suppose the number of candles 10Lux, the higher the number of lux light, then the better the video recording of a good dihasilkan.Video can only produce in the atmosphere by measuring the light more 900Lux.

Light lunch the size of the bright light of 35,000 Lux sometimes increased up to 100,000 Lux, but the light is not capable of this signed by the video camera, for example, by day or riparian / snow usually reduce the use of ‘Neutral Density filters (ND)’

TV Programming

Saat orang pertama kali membuat televisi, mereka menyadari bahwasanya televisi itu hanyalah merupakan suatu alat elektronik yang sama halnya dengan alat elektronik yang lainnya. Akan tetapi dengan kehadiran televisi yang merupakan alat ini, maka impian khalayak untuk dapat “melihat sesuatu dari jarak jauh” telah menjadi kenyataan.

Televisi akan berfungsi sebagaimana mestinya apabila terdapat “suatu sistem yang besar” dari apa yang disebut dengan Sistem Penyiaran Televisi. Sistem penyiaran televisi itu terdiri dari
• Sistem Produksi Acara
• Sistem Pemancaran
• Sistem Penerimaan
yang kemudian ketiga sistem ini disebut dengan Trilogi Of Television.

Sistem Produksi Acara Televisi, tidak dilakukan begitu saja tanpa adanya perencanaan yang matang dan pelaksanaan evaluasi sesudahnya. Ada beberapa proses yang harus dilewati sehingga tayangan hasil produksi bisa secara rutin dilakukan. Hal-hal semacam inilah yang harus menjadi perhatian serius bagi orang-orang yang mengaku sebagai pekerja televisi, khususnya pekerja televisi yang tergabung dalam departemen / divisi program.

Departemen / Divisi Program sangat bertanggung jawab dalam cakupan :
• Orientasi Program
• Kebijakan Program
• Strategi Penyusunan Program
• Sumber-sumber Acara
• Pola Acara
• Kriteria dan Format Acara
• Kontinuitas Acara
• Kualitas Acara dan
• Pengembangan Program
yang kemudian akan kita sebut sebagai TV Programming.

Untuk itulah orang-orang divisi program yang bertanggung jawab dalam hal TV Programming ini harus senantiasa berpikir dan bekerja keras, karena divisi program inilah yang menjadi penentu bagi keberhasilan sebuah stasiun televisi dalam memperebutkan perhatian khalayak. Dengan kata lain TV Programming sangat menentukan keberhasilan suatu stasiun penyiaran televisi.

Salah satu catatan penting dalam filosofi programming ala Peter Herford adalah :

1. Tidak ada rumusan yang ajaib untuk menjalankan stasiun televisi yang sukses untuk semua perekonomian. Tidak ada dua stasiun TV yang sama persis, tidak ada dua gaya manajemen yang sama persis.
2. Menjalankan stasiun TV dalam kota dengan penduduk 10.000 jiwa membutuhkan kemampuan yang sama dibandingkan dengan menjalankan stasiun TV dalam kota dengan penduduk 10 juta jiwa.

Dan ahirnya Peter Herford memberikan tips yang lebih tajam lagi:

“Jangan menyusun acara stasiun TV menurut selera pribadi anda”

“Banyak stasiun TV yang sukses dijalankan oleh orang yang tidak suka pada acara-acara yang mereka siarkan”.

On the Meaning Back Shot

Long Shots, secara umum penggunaan shot jauh ini akan dilakukan jika :
Untuk mengikuti area yang lebar atau ketika adegan berjalan cepat
Ketika subjek
Untuk menunjukkan dimana adegan berada/menujukkan tempat
Untuk menujukkan progres
Untuk menjukkan bagaimana posisi subjek memiliki hubungan dengan yang lain

Medium Shots, type shot seperti ini yang paling umum kita jumpai dalam film maupun televisi. Jenis shot ini adalah paling aman, karena tidak ada penekanan khusus seperti halnya pada Long Shots dan Close Shots. Semua adegan bisa ditampilkan dengan netral di sini.

Close Shots, televisi adalah media close up. Awalnya premis ini karena berkaitan dengan hal teknis. Pertama, acara dengan media televisi harus ditampilkan secara close up karena ukuran televisi yang kecil jika dibandingkan dengan layar di bioskop. Ke dua, berbeda juga dengan bisokop, acara televisi ditonton sambil lalu, akan lebih cocok menampilkan gambar-gambar dengan close shot/padat.

Tapi,yang perlu dipahami juga justru makna-makna yang ditampilkan ketika shot-shot itu dibuat secara close up. Efek close up biasanya, akan terkesan gambar lebih cepat, mendominasi, menekan. Ada makna estestis, ada juga makna psikologis.MOVEMENT

Terdapat paradoks dalam menciptakan camera movement untuk menghasilkan perubahan visual ketika mencoba membuat invisible movement. Secara teknis hal ini dimaksudkan untuk menghindari bergesernya perhatian penonton. Caranya adalah dengan melakukan pergerakkan kamera yang mengikuti pergerakkan subjek. Tapi yang harus diperhatikan tentu saja adalah tujuan atau motivasi dari pergerakkan kamera itu dibuat. Secara umum, menurut Peter Ward dalam Digital Video Camerawork, motivasi itu antara lain :

Untuk menambah interest visual
Mengekresikan kegembiraan
Meningkatkan ketegangan
Memberikan interes pada subjek baru
Memberikan perubahan angle/sudut pandang.

Secara khusus, ada dua kaidah dalam mengontrol camera movement, yakni menyesuaikan gerakkan dengan aksi subjek sehingga gerakan kamera akan distimulasi oleh aksi dan yang kedua adanya kebutuhan untuk menjaga komposisi yang baik selama pergerakkan.

Hampir di keseluruhan shot yang ditampilkan dalam film Emergency Room atau E.R. menggunakan konsep ini, dengan demikian efek dramatis tercipta sehingga penonton akan merasakan bagaimana suasana yang sangat dinamis di setiap ruang rumah sakit. Demikian juga di beberapa filmnya Rudy Soedjarwo, walaupun menurut saya masih terasa nanggung. Jadi, apa sebenarnya motivasi Rudy membuat film dengan konsep handheld tersebut ?

ANGLE

Secara mekanis, angle atau sudut pengambilan gambar itu berhubungan erat dengan lensa kamera, baik jenis lensa yang digunakan maupun penempatan kamera itu sendiri. Masih menurut Ward, ruang internal shot sering menonjolkan kualitas emosional dari adegan. Perspektif yang normal untuk membangun shot sering digunakan secara gamblang dan langsung. Tinggi lensa akan mengendalikan bagaimana penonton mengidentifikasi subyek. Lensa rendah akan mengurangi detail level latar belakang dan menghilangkan indikasi antara latar belakang dengan objek. Posisi lensa yang tinggi memiliki efek sebaliknya.

Low Angle

Pengambilan gambar dengan low angle, posisi kamera lebih rendah dari objek akan mengakibatkan objek lebih superior, dominan, menekan.

High Angle

Kebalikan dari low angle, akan mengakibatkan dampak sebaliknya, objek akan terlihat imperior, tertekan

Dengan mengetahui dampak pesan yang akan tersampaikan dari sudut pengambilan gambar ini, diharapan sinematografer atau videografer bisa mengkonstruksi shot-shot yang akan dibuat sesuai dengan pesan apa yang ingin kita sampaikan pada penonton.

Satu sekuens yang sama akan dimaknai berbeda ketika pemlihan angle shot yan berbeda pula. Misalnya adegan demontrasi mahasiswa, rangkaian petama :
1.long shot para demontrans,
2. high angle demonstran teriak-teriak,
3. low angle polisi sedang menggebuki demonstran.
4. high angle demontran kesakitan,
sedangkan rangkain ke dua :
1.long shot para demontrans,
2. low angle demonstran teriak-teriak,
3. high angle polisi sedang menggebuki demonstran.
4. low angle demontran.Dalam sekuens pertama, penonton akan memaknai rangkaian shot tersebut bahwa ada demontrasi yang dilakukan mahasiswa, polisi dengan superioritasnya bisa menangani aksi demontrasi itu dengan sikap represif, mahasiswa teretekan. Sedangkan dalam rangkain shot pada sekuens ke dua, penonton akan melihat demontrasi yang dilakukan mahasiswa walapun dijaga oleh para polisi, mahasiswa terlihat superior dan mendominasi bahkan lebih gagah dari para polisi.

Ya, ini baru satu aspek saja yakni dari angle atau sudut pengambilan gambar bisa mengahsilkan efek yang berbeda pada penonton. Jadi, angle menjadi elemen makna atau pesan. Pesan apa yang ingin disampaikan pemberi pesan ?

Secara detail, bahwa sudut lensa mana yang dipilih tergantung dari tujuan shot, yang terdiri atas :
Menonjolkan subyek prinsip
Menyediakan variasi ukuran shot
Memberikan kelebihan tambahan terhadap subyek yang dipilih
Menyediakan perubahan sudut atau ukuran shot untuk memungkinkan terjadinya inter cutting yang tidak menonjol
Menciptakan komposisi shot yang baik
Meningkatkan arah mata

Selection criteria LENSA

At this time we recognize the various types of television camera, some of the author or maker, viewed from the level of quality; from highend to third-class, and from the price offered, ranging from thousands to tens of thousands of dollars.
However, in general, performance and image quality from the camera is now with the digital signal prosesing have exceeded the analog camera that we know.
When we buy a camera, of course we have to specify what the camera application, whether for application in the studio, or in the field. Then we memilahnya based on the available budget. Next, we disinilah usually less so beautiful, to select the appropriate lens. Indeed, the lens play an important role for the image generated by the camera.For applications in the field lens, the camera Electronic News Gathering / Electronic Field Production (ENG / EFP), there are three lenses: lens package, professional grade lenses and lens grade broadcast. Lens package is the type of lens with the most affordable price. This type of lens is packed with a camera package ordered. Usually in the order the purchase of the items written only camera 18x zoom lens, for example, without mentioning a specific specification. The price is already included in the package of standard accessories. This lens is designed with the quality of regular, quality optiknya marginal, aspect mekanikalnya also will not survive for a period of a relatively long time. Lens is to be the choice for that application for entry-level, low gala, or for selection if the lens or the camera is only used for work and then be a new one. Examples are the type of camcorder with the same format for the home or consumer use camera.

Category lens with professional grade optis have better quality, the more mechanical aspects you a. This lens berunjuk work for a number of applications, and on the situation of shooting a moderate, not too extreme. This lens is available in the market with different variations of the ratio of zoom and focal length. Are not usually equipped with 2X ekstender. Professional grade lenses that are designed for middle-class camera is also fully equipped with various options for accessories, such as converter for wide and telephoto, zoom studio, and focus control. If treated properly, the lens will work well for many years. This is the type of lens that is owned mostly by camera ENG / EFP on any TV station, although cameranya itself is not the middle class (mid-range).

Broadcast grade lens with a top-of-the-line, both on the quality and optis strength mekanisnya. Lens with a grade is designed to improve the performance of the best type of broadcast camera, and able to give you a service for many years. Use of the lens quality is a standard for broadcast news and production program in most TV stations in the world. The progress of digital technology is applied to the lens system Servo broadcast at this time the process allows a more precise zoom, zoom cruise, one-shot and a preset remote control functions for zoom, focus and iris with RS-232 interface.

From the comparison of prices, and broadcast digital zoom lens 21x price near the price camcordernya also broadcast quality. While the broadcast wide angle lens will cost about 11 / 2 the price 21x lens. While the price of the lens is telenya broadcast 2X lens is 21x better price. Nah, how professional lens price estimate equivalent specification with the 21x lens above? That is about tenth of the price the quality of the lens broadcast earlier.

Let’s see more of the lens and lens studio ENG / EFP. During recent years, there has been rapid progress in the development of lens technology. Studio lenses with focal length of 7mm. up to 168mm. Lens ENG / EFP evolved from 55X to 87X the focal length exceeds 2200mm.!

Lens is designed for studio close-up ability with a minimum object distance, the minimum object distance (MOD) of less than one meter. On the field, reporters are usually the distance is about 2 to 3meter, with the assumption of reporters before reading the text on the teleprompter. While the tele lens in the field will also have the MOD usually between 2 to 3 meters, making it difficult in the studio.

When this lens for High Definition TV (HDTV) has also been growing rapidly, with a higher precision, mechanical tolerance, or a smaller minimum. Because the HDTV format is wider than standard TV, Standard Definition Television (SDTV), namely 16:9, the resolution on the HDTV angle lens should be higher, so that reproduction will be obtained if a more precise picture displayed on the screen size of the width. Also available in the market that the lens can diswitch for aspect ratio of 4:3 and 16:9, which is the ratio of the converter as well as correct the effects of the reduced angle-of-view that occurs when the lens with the dual format used earlier in the 4:3 format.

Several types of wide and tele lens has broadcast quality label with H, which is used in addition to SDTV can also be used for HDTV, somewhen. Why do we ask for this type of lens ..?, Which is clearly lensanya output and has been enhanced rather than the old type only for SDTV.

Journalism Education KAPPAS-FLA-WI: The Youth, the Peace

Female voice is rough and stimulating to read the content sehelai paper dipegangnya. Occasionally his eyes sweep the room the entire plateau hundreds of students and college students. Some of them eager to listen, some of them appear to have fun talking with fellow sebangkunya. “No one in the proof of al-Quran and Hadith, using the panties are tabarruj,” said student early semester University Sunan Giri (Unsuri) of Surabaya.

Young women, the Lusi Muzayanah, one of the participants Training Education Journalism “Journalism in Perspective Pluralism” which successfully won the best version of the opinion that the majority of the committee kalangaan student. Sunday afternoon it (24/05), a casual Lusi; berjilbab white, wear bright colors, and put a lot of jeansseperti be seusianya Muslim youth.

The kebahasaan, tabarruj, cited Lusi term, can refer to the “visible” or “light”. Mahligai in the Arabic language is also used with the word burujkarena considered harmonious. “Women who pro-tabarruj means that with a light attitude, style, clothing and jewelry. Ber-tabarrujsecara jahiliah is for the purpose of doing tabarruj showroom and / or stimulate appetite birahi, “Umar Fayumi write puanamalhayati.or.id on the site, the official website the empowerment of women leaders of the institution Sinta Nuriyah Wahid.

Zamakhsyari priests, scholars birth Persi (1075-1144 M) from the village Zamakshar, Khwarezmia (regions in the country of Uzbekistan at this time) imply, as the attitude tabarruj force myself to open something that should be hidden. As word of the Arabs, safinatun barij means a roofless boat.

Opinion Lusi presumably written to counter the view that the pants and wear clothes that tight little circle equated by some with tabarruj. In fact, the emphasis of this concept is a matter of overconfidence and that stimulate birahi. Matter of “stimulating” is certainly not easy to create limitations, including the matter of polite and not impolite. It seems this woman would say, “I do not use this tabarruj as some people thought. This is still in the limit of decency. “

Lusi addition, there are two friends of the committee also selected as the author news and feature the best in the forum. Badrul Munir for news and Hurinin Rihayatus Sa’adah to feature. Beginning of the semester, both students IAIN Surabaya. Badrul write about the news in the fall of Hercules aircraft Magelang recently, while Rihayah the life of a kid get hold of women’s education.

Sedari morning, Sunday (24/05)-an approximately 280 participants from the student, santri, students and se-Kota Surabaya gather on the floor of building 3 Self Access Center (SAC) IAIN Surabaya for training performed by writing a Community Youth Peace Surabaya ( Kappas) and Cross Society Forum (FLA) in cooperation with the Surabaya Wahid Institute. In this forum they provided basic journalism tekhnik such as news, opinions, and features including on issues of peace. “Pagi tadi pematerinya of Trans TV,” said Rubaidi, FLA leaders outside the room when we talk relax before the event started back bakda Zuhur.

Birth of the Digital TV Broadcasting Era

Even though it is not colored with the celebration of gegap-gempita, on 13 August 2008 Indonesia has menapak door to digital television broadcasting technology. Current is soft launching a digital TV broadcast by TVRI. This step will clearly be the locomotive that will change quite radically in the field of television broadcasting nasional.Perubahan or adjustment is not only on the content and broadcasting infrastructure, but also in society. It is known that ordinary people increasingly rely on television as a medium of information as well as entertainment, the more marked the more years increased the number of circulation television. Currently there are around 40 million units of the television comedy more than 200 million orang.Langkah the beginning of this change will be a new era for the national television industry, replacing analog television broadcasting era, which began on 17 August 1962 a trial broadcast in the event TVRI Independence Anniversary Proclamation XVII of Indonesia Istana Merdeka Jakarta pages. On 24 August 1962, TVRI mengudara the first time with the event broadcast live the opening ceremony of the IV Asian Games Main Stadium Gelora Bung Karno.Teknologi selected because digital TV has many advantages compared with analog. This technology has the resilience to interference effects, and fading roar, and kemudahannya to do the repair (recovery) of the signal that is damaged due to the delivery / transmission of signals. Repairs will be made in the recipient with an error correction code (error correction code) specific. The merit is the efficiency in many cases, on the frequency spectrum (bandwidth efficiency), efficiency in network transmission, power transmission, and consumption power.Di addition, digital TV provides picture and sound that is far more stable and better resolution of sharp rather than analog. This system made possible by the use of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) that delay in the effect across plural (multipath). In the analog system, trajectory effects plural cause that result in the emergence echo image ganda (as if no shadow). The advantage is durability against environmental changes that occur due to movements receiver (for mobile reception), for example, in a moving vehicle, so that the image does not occur tottery or change the quality of the TV as analog time ini.Standar DVB-T and the system has decided DABPemerintah Digital Video Broadcasting-Terrestrial (DVB-T) standard as the Indonesian national as a result of testing conducted by the National Migration of TV and Radio Analog to Digital, DVB-T technology is superior and has more benefits compared to the digital broadcasting technology lainnya.Teknologi is capable memultipleks some programs at once, where the six broadcast program can be included in a TV channel berlebar ribbon 8 MHz, with quality far more well. Like the land, that can only be used for one house, with this technology is able to build six houses with the quality of the building far more capacity and more room. In addition, the addition of variants DVB-H (handheld) is able to provide up to six additional programs for the reception of broadcast mobile (mobile). This is highly possible for the addition of broadcast-TV baru.Bagi broadcast radio industry, the logical use of technology will be DAB (Digital Audio Broadcasting), which was developed as penyeimbang technology, DVB-T, as already implemented in more than 40 countries, especially European countries . When the technology was developed using DAB technology Digital Multimedia Broadcasting (DMB), namely by adding a DMB multimedia processors, will be able broadcast moving images as the content broadcast TV. This has stimulated the perpetrators of the radio industry to develop the business by adding content such as moving images, such as weather information, road maps, video clips, and film, as is happening in the industry televisi.Berbeda with the TV industry who have migrated to the total because digital demands the development of technology, migration in the digital radio industry because only a selection of FM radio technology is considered to have sufficient quality and efficiency of both. Moreover, this has not long finished up the new government re-allocation of radio frequency FM berkonsekuensi on the frequency shift for most of the radio operator and the occurrence of additional investment cost for the service radio. FM radio technology will survive until a dozen years to depan.Pertimbangan migrasiImplementasi digital TV system in Europe, the United States, and Japan have started a few years ago. In Germany, this project has been started since 2003 for the city of Berlin and in 2005 to Muenchen and at this time almost all big cities in Germany have bersiaran digital TV. Netherlands have decided to do the switch off (termination of total) analognya broadcast TV since the end of 2007. France will implement the same in 2010. UK since the end of 2005 has been doing some testing off the analog broadcast to the termination of total analog system can be done in the year 2012. United States Congress has given the mandate to stop broadcasting analog TV the total in 2009, as well as on 2011.Negara Japan-Asia countries in the region have also started to migrate total. In Singapore, since digital TV was launched in August 2004 and has enjoyed approximately 250,000 homes. In Malaysia, the pilot broadcast digital TV is also a dirintis since 1998 with funding from the government is very big and at this time siarannya have enjoyed more than 2 million rumah.Keputusan government over the use of DVB-T digital TV standard as terestrial will be the locomotive of a migration from the era of analog broadcasting to digital broadcasting era in Indonesia. This option is the availability of opportunities to open the channel broadcasting the more, the berimplikasi in many aspects. Therefore, the role of government to be very strategic in preparing the development of human resources and be able to fill the digital broadcasting industry. Momentum digital broadcasting is expected to be triggered into growth and development bangsa.Peran self-government through the Ministry of Communication and Information is visible enough. Many things have been done, the establishment of three other working group (WG), namely WG Digital TV Regulation, WG Frequency Master Plan, and WG Technology Tools for Digital TV Implementation Preparation. In addition, the consortium has conducted a pilot project for the establishment of digital TV, the set-top box (STB) to the representatives of the community, to the socialization to various areas that involve various elements masyarakat.Partisipasi active government in the implementation of digital TV technology has become important because the migration This will cause a revolution in the field of broadcasting. Posts Tjahjono Bambang Heru, head of the WG on Technology Tools Depkominfo (12 / 9), clearly invites the importance keberpihakan government in the development of national industry in the implementation of digital TV ini.PotensiBanyak potential national industry that need to be developed and be involved to participate in the implementation of this digital TV, such as PT INTI, Polytron, Stage, and Xirka chipsets that are ready in the STB industry nationally. Similarly, PT LEN has been the focus of production in the transmitting device. In addition, there are some production house (PH), which was ready in producing digital content berteknologi. Active role they need to be met and even dipacu that can contribute towards a more convergent implementation of the digital TV technology ini.Pemerintah should provide such incentives for the national industry that wish to participate in the production of digital TV so that the device does not quite compete with the industry from other countries who are has been aggressive entry into Indonesia, like China and Korea. Moreover, some of our national industry is ready to make customized products to fit the needs of the Indonesian people, the addition of features such as Electronic Program Guide (EPG) version Indonesia, Early Warning System (EWS), which features better interactivity, and no less important feature Peoples Meter which can provide functions and viewer rating Polling System, which is an important component in the broadcast industry last TV.Fitur is very important that our TV industry is not in the condition of subject and relies heavily on foreign institutions survey, the accuracy of its ratings can not necessarily be . Bernardus Satriyo Dharmanto observer convergence technology

How to Write Effective

Many people assume that just by taking a pen, the author is able to shed sincere words from the beginning to the end. The author understands that there is sincere in the process of writing. If you’re looking at the six principles in writing under this, then you will be able to write easily.

1. Planning

Planning is the process to gather ideas and think the focus of your writing to. “Write that you know” is a phrase that is widely recognized author in the world because it is the absolute truth! A reader to know whether you understand what you say or you just write a list of facts that take you from your references. Beratkan point your talents to become an expert or authority in the field of study of your choice. You point beratkan ideas on topics you have selected. Your goal is to write and readers who will read your writing to.
2. The formation

Each author has a different thought process, but I think it must be poured in a logical order that readers can understand. Order klimaktik (clicmatic order), starting from the less important and was built to the most important thing. Chronological order (chronological order), flow seturut time series. And spatial order (spatial order), refers to the physical location. Define the role you will play in your writing to and then set your materials effectively, but with the style of the original interests and your talents to the readers.
3. Writing Draft

After you gather ideas and form a style of serving, susunlah in the form of a sentence to the paragraph. Nothing is more fun than writing a perfect sentence, a sentence that convey information to readers in the form of original thought. Shakespeare is the expert in the case of the words that we still use to this day. The objective of the draft preparation step is forward. Do not stare a blank page, write with the free flow and let it continue. Preparation of a draft does not need to be perfect, that’s why they call this term with the initial draft. Do not pay attention the spelling and grammar in the draft-a draft early and let the words flow.
4. Revision

Go back and evaluate your draft. Write back with your draft to add, cut, change, and move the posts in the draft to make it more clear. To revise effectively, evaluasilah what you have written. Decide where you need to add information or insert words. Find posts that are not useful and depart. Stay focused on your topic! Replace long words with new words, especially when you find the word that constantly repeated. Move materials or change your order if the material you do not tersaji in a logical sequence. Writing is the issue of revising!
5. Editing

Editing is a key step that is often missed the author. The author is quite satisfied with the last revision, so they do not spend extra time for writing and editing technical mekanisnya truth. If the editing is too fast, you may skip the fact that the message is not in any posts tersampaikan effectively. To actually edit any posts effectively, jauhilah your writing to for several hours, then back again. You’ll be surprised at how many errors that terlewatkan by your eyes.

Looking at it: grammar, spelling, dashes, commas, a semicolon, punctuation, capitalization, italics, numbers, and abbreviations.
6. Read the End

The last step is the end of any posts you read. You ensure that the end result of your writing to accurate and clean. This step is different from the editing, because this step is only a focus on the error type that your eyes miss. Most word processing programs have a “spell checker”, but please check that you have the correct word menngunakan.

Basics Writing Children’s Stories

Stories of children is a complex story simple. Simplicity is marked by the terms wacananya standard and high-quality, but not so intricate communicative. In addition, the paradigm of the adult world to the children and the existence of the soul and the nature of children’s stories into conditions of children tune. In other words, the stories of children must be talking about the lives of children with all the aspects that affect and they are.

The complexity children’s story by a structure that is not different from the structure of fiction for adults. Thus, the organization’s children’s story should ditopang a number of pillars that are the basis terbinanya a building story. The root of a story, be interesting if all elements of the story is built in a balanced structure of the content-fill so it does not have the feel or felt less redundant.

The simple story is actually a theme from the start. Design of the desired wake up the story the author should be based mandate, the moral message you want delivered to readers. However, this mandate must be woven so that the interest of children do not feel the moral sermon or preaching religion. Readers are exposed to a story interesting and entertaining reading, and from the children (or their parents) can build understanding and interesting conclusions about what that message would be the author. Generally, the stated theme of the open and clear will not interest readers.

Second pillar is the figure. In general, the figures can be divided two main characters (protagonis) and opponent (antagonis). Main figure is usually accompanied by figures that side generally participate and be part of the story of unity. As a rounded figure, the main characters get a share of this most special when compared with the figures side. Physical condition and character are described fully, as human day-to-day. In addition, leaders are often too flat, the figures are shown in one hand (good or evil) so that responses can be delivered or hate exorcize from the readers.

Penokohan must (should) show the development of character figures. Events that terbina and dilemmas that arise in the flow should be able to bring change and development to the leaders of birth on the identification of a figure that appears as a hero or as a antagonis doghouse.

Pilar is the third background. Events in the story can be interesting if it was built with a background of time and place where the background is done appropriately. Because the background associated with the figures and associated closely with the characters. Building a good background story shows that the particular can not be moved to another area because latarnya can not be moved to another area because latarnya does not support the figures and the events that typically occur only in a specific background. In other words, the background shows their unique stories in the series of so able to build characters with specific attributes that exist only in that particular area. Thus, the figures appear to reinforce the background and the events that built in the groove, making specific and unique stories.

Flow is the fourth pillar. Flow primary author of the ability to attract readers. With the simple flow can be said as a sequence of events that occurred in the story.

Flow can be built straight, where the chronological story built. Current events in order to directly relate to one another until the story ends. Flow can also be built in episodik, where the stories bound by a particular episode-episode, each episodenya found gawatan, climax, and leraian. Especially in the long stories, this flow episodik can lure readers keingintahuan because the dipertinggi by mysterious things that may happen in the next chapter. Flow can also be built with a flashback or forward flow (foreshadowing). Flashback is exposure of information or events that occurred in the past, dikisahkan back in the situation of the present, while the “foreshadowing” is a form square off to receive the events that occurred later.

An interesting story is not possible without the events and conflicts. Events that occur a specific conflict, such as the conflict in the self (person-against-self); figures conflict with another person (person-against-person), and conflict between leaders and people (person-against-society). With a fit because the flow of events that conflict with the generally synchronous convince readers of the children and things that bring them pleasure, fear, sad, angry, and so forth. With the help of a language that is enthralling, the children feel happy to continue reading.

Fifth pillar is the style. In addition to the other pillars, the style determines the success of a story. Traditionally it is said that success is not a story on what is said, but how you say it. Sentence-the sentence that reads well;-expression and expression of a new life; suspense that keep confidentiality; breaking a complex issue, but challenging, new experiences that nuanced humanity, and so is a cargo style makes the reader spellbound. In addition to the signs as an author, a particular style is able to suck up the attention of readers to continue reading. Together with other elements such as the use of the right perspective, the opening and closing to give the impression that a certain style is one of the key that determines the success or failure a story

Tentang Penyiar

There are mentions of this profession as “Newsreader” (1 word) or “News Presenter” (2 words).
The term “Newscaster” is a Broadcaster for a move in the News,
but not exclusive to Penyiar TV. Meanwhile, the “News Anchor” (or “Anchorwoman” /
“Anchorman”) refers to the function Penyiar page into a control-event for many
reporters who are covering the news in the field at the same time.

Doctor Penyiar practitioners feel that the less like the term “Newsreader”
because it gave the impression that only Penyiar page news just read a script,
when a TV news professional Penyiar also busy searching for news,
to edit naskahnya and (often) occasions to edit video. While the term
“News” can be defined as real events that are important to be told immediately
to the listener / Audience.

Facts

The fact that the news program “actual” (must be submitted to the Audience)
cause a Penyiar TV news should appear in “live”, even though
there are occasional circumstances where the request is forced Penyiar program news page
recorded before diudarakan at the time. However, the general nature of a
news program is the “current / up-to-date” and “no-air recycling” because
next broadcast (ie 1 hour later) must be ready to show more news later.

History

In Indonesia, the TV news readers dipelopori by TVRI for tens of years, and have
program, the most famous is The World In The News ( “DDB”). In particular,
TVRI Central Station (in Senayan, Jakarta) has spawn many Teacher Broadcasting
spread the teaching in the TV & radio throughout the country (even Delta-FM Jakarta still
the teacher’s training for TVRI penyiarnya in 2005!). Some Penyiar
TVRI origin is moved to the private TV in years so 90an had the impression that arise
Private television has not been clever provide training for the Penyiarnya. Example
TVRI announcer? Sandrina Malakiano TVRI station from Denpasar, ANTV ago to move to
Metro-TV. Ida Arimurti TVRI station from Jakarta, then to Radio Female and Delta-FM.

At the end of an 80-year, RCTI muncullah news and events Seputar Indonesia, which (not surprisingly)
never take the ads running on TV. Now this time of all TV stations
feel should have the news program, including a TV station ngakunya “youth” and
“Lifestyle”. Doctors feel that the event Penyiar Good Morning its Ferdi Hasan in the Trans-TV
program is an example of “hybrid”: News at the same time the Human Interest (aka gossip).

Opportunities

Even if you do not have experience as a radio and Penyiar not yet have a certificate
Broadcasting training (eg, from Interstudi or Workshop@Penyiar.com) but
Your chance to become a TV news readers remain. Events such as Go Liputan Six
is evidence that all the TV station concerned to be able to crawl the candidates
News announcer before dicaplok by another TV. TV is searching for a foreign-looking announcer Indonesia,
Doctors and Penyiar Penyiar know of a few can even stay in Hong Kong
or USA (to Voice of America) for a career as a TV news Penyiar.

That are important to every TV station is that you can prove the ability of self -
done at the time of the screen-test, simulation reportase & interviews in the field, the dialog in the studio,
and delivered the news of the material that appears on the Teleprompter. Meanwhile, the important
for your own preparation is: exercise the grogi in front of the camera and
provide themselves with training Penyiar quality. Example: If you want to be ballet dancers
reliable, of course you need to find a teacher who has the best ballet penari2.

Doctors have Penyiar remember a girl who in 1999 took the title of Master
field of Broadcasting in the United States, but until now has not been reached for the cloth-citanya
Penyiar into TV news. Which is more important than a degree? Experience (eg, the reporter
first). Which is more important than experience? Ability (because there is also lho
Herald a new, better seniornya blessing of perseverance and self discipline).

Training

In addition to “Training TVRI” in which participants can be followed by a general from all over Indonesia,
Doctor Penyiar never heard of one place that has teruji unite
TV news special Penyiar only. There are some TV news Penyiar offering
training to the public, but usually do not have the success of the alumni or
Announcer page has not been used as a teacher in other stasiun2 TV. In U.I. Education have
Applied to Penyiar Broadcasting Radio, TV Penyiar, Creative Staff, and Account Executive.
Meanwhile, Eko Junor who once taught Penyiar in the Trans-TV (2004), O-Channel Television
(2005) and ANTV (2005) also only occasionally conduct intensive workshops Penyiar News
with 5-7 participants only.

But do not worry, because even if you (with or without previous learning)
considered quite feasible (because of education / experience / beautiful?) to become a candidate Penyiar
TV news station in the page, then you will still be given a training program.
No need to wonder if the senior Penyiar You also have never run a
formal training, because in Indonesia not yet terbudaya call from professionals
various keahllian to come to the TV station and teaching the Penyiarnya. However,
ability appears to remain more important than a degree or cakepnya you. With
other words, the end of your ability to remain at a Penyiar in front of the camera!

Jurnalistik Televisi

Television journalism is a blend of communication media images (visual) and sound (audio). Komunikasinya because the medium is the image and sound, in itself there are quite sharp differences between journalism in print media (print media) and media journalism radio (audio). In general, there are differences in:

1. Ways of collecting data (news gathering) television media should always be on the spot. No pictures, no news. In the case of certain words must less than pictures. The implication is the opportunity or mobility kru television should be higher than other types of media to ensure a keseketikaan the news is presented to the audience.

2. The use of different languages. Media use language television always said, the oral study with all its implications. There are experts who call this language as a picture. The broadcaster must understand that they are correct based on the image to write, write to pictures, or bertutur about image. And, as often happens, not paste the picture on the words first written.

3. If in the next 2-3 years to human-human televisei can not produce video journalists who can multi-skill demands of the team is on television far more serious than the charges of the team in the print media and radio. At least, to pursue one or two television news still requires harmonious cooperation between the reporter-camera-person and driver. Terbayangkan if not one third of the traffic jam, cranky, late or delayed shoptalk other technical. If the work was carried out together with the next, until up to the layer, can be, one of the largest in the complexity of managing a team of television is truly effective. One proof of success in television is to manage the preparation team is already a 70 percent guarantee of success for broadcast television news.

In general, the mechanism working in a news room televise the same as the contents of a mechanism working in the print media and radio. With a few different variants of a news room news room from another, working on television series include three main activities. First, the activities of news gathering. Second, the activities of news production, and third, presenting news events.

One thing that really needs to emphasized that the very mechanism in television news gathering that the planning done by the assignment editors slightly different from the planning done by the coordinator of the reporters and print media such as radio.

Derivasi technically very different is that when a kru televise down to the field, assignment of image and news must be synchronized. Ekstrimnya, an editor must assisgment ordered krunya more important to immediately get a picture rather than talking newsnya. Therefore, on the other extreme, when returning from the field, a producer / executive producer of television will not ask “what the news will be taken from the field by kru” but “what the picture you take from the field?” Is how the picture is much more important value for television rather than words. News Value judgment it depends on how important, how interesting, how dramatically, and how strong magnitude image obtained kru in the field. That also explains why some news or a look that featured the delivery by Television not necessarily preferred by the print media, or vice versa.

It is a characteristic of television is that News Productionnya should use the expression language, the language picture, pictures, and write about or report on image. Of course, said the use of language is very much implication, primarily because they had to actually sync between the picture and the words and sentences. Therefore, it is the obligation of a producer or the Reporter to ‘examine’ or ‘mempreview’ image before writing the script: the script is not the first menulus ago ditempel-paste the image.

Produksi Siaran Televisi

Televisi sebuah Industri. Lebih jelasnya, di Indonesia ada 10 stasiun televisi swasta nasional dan ratusan stasiun televisi lokal. Dibutuhkan kreator di dunia kreaivitas televisi yang begitu banyaknya. Tidak ada batasan antara televisi lokal, nasional bahkan televisi asing (televisi kabel).

Kerja kreativitas dalam memproduksi sebuah acara dikerjakan oleh sebuah tim, bukan individu. Dibutuhkan sumber daya manusia yang mumpuni dalam memproduksi sebuah acara. Baik dalam memproduksi berita maupun jenis acara hiburan. Berita sudah tidak bisa dipungkuri, bakal diproduksi oleh setiap stasiun televisi. Eksistensi sebuah stasiun televisi di Indonesia bertolak pada sebuah sajian berita televisi.

Sedangkan kegiatan produksi untuk menghasilkan karya artistik yang pendekatannya menghibur, diproduksi untuk tujuan bisnis semata. Di mana pendapatan materi dari iklan tujuan dari sebuah program acara televisi. Acara yang diminati penonton akan banyak mendapatkan iklan. Secara otomatis keuntungan material bagi stasiun televisi.

Tim News atau divisi pemberitaan mengutamakan aktualitas yang tinggi dan kecermatan. Penonton butuh berita yang aktual, faktual dan dapat dipercaya. Para jurnalis televisi beradu cepat dalam menghasilkan berita, bersaing satu tim peliputan berita stasiun televisi lain. Dalam peliputan berita dibutuhkan tim redaksi yang menjungjung tinggi integritas sebuah informasi.
Menurut Naratama, Format acara Televisi adalah sebuah perencanaan dasar dari suatu konsep acara televisi yang akan menjadi landasan kreativitas dan desain produksi yang akan terbagi dalam berbagai kriteria yang disesuaikan dengan tujuan dan target pemirsa acara tersebut.

Askurifai Baksin menegaskan, Kemajuan dan keragaman program acara televisi memang menjadi hal urgen di negara kita. Program acara yang sudah ada harus dikembangkan secara baik agar televisi yang kini hampir dimiliki oleh seluruh masyaraat Indonesia tidak hanya menjadi sarana hiburan, tapi juga sarana pendidikan dan penegakan moral. Program acara televisi hendaknya tidak kebablasan, tidak menimbulkan kesan menjijikan dan nyinyir. Program acara di stasiun tv seharusnya menjadi tontonan cerdas dan artistik, baik secara materi maupun tampilan.

Kini tidak boleh saling meniru antar program mata acara televisi. Melihat program acara berita misalnya. Askurifai menilai, Kesamaan materi (isi) dalam paket berita reguler. Cenderung bermuatan spot news (berita sekilas). Penulis melihat hal baru dalam gebrakan Ishadi S.K. Namun berani tampil beda adalah Trans TV dengan format berita yang Indept News (Laporan mendalam) dalam tayangan berita Reportase Invetigasi. Titik berat tayangan berita ini adalah menyangkut kerugian yang diderita masyarakat banyak. Atau hal-hal yang langsung membuat masyarakat dirugikan sebagai konsumen, misalnya.

Lebih parahnya, Infotainment acara ini menurut Askurifai tidak ada perbedaan satu yang lainnya, di setiap stasiun televisi. Bahkan Veven Sp Wardana pemerhati pertelevisian, mengistilahkan Infotainment di Televisi kita, salah penafsiran. Infotainment dalam arti Informasi dalam dunia hiburan, kini menjadi menjadi sempit. Informasi pada orang-orang yang berada di dalamnya yang lebih pada ekploitasi individu artisnya, seperti masalah pribadi.

Artis ditafsirkan berbeda, sebagai selebritis. Seseorang yang masuk televisi lewat Infotainment bisa dikategorikan sebagai selebritis. Sayang kiprahnya di dunia peran atau pentas di dunia seni tidak ada atau prestasinya nihil.

Begitu pula tentang fenomena film-film dari jelajah Hindustan, Mandarin, dan telenovela Amerika latin. Serentak hampir semua televisi menayangkan. Namun di era kebangkitan film nasional tidak dipungiri film yang sukses di bioskop segera di tayangkan televisi. Tidak lebih dari satu tahun. Kebangkitan perfilman nasional bersinergi dengan keberanian televisi nasional menayangkan film-film karya sineas muda.

Tidak hanya film Dono, Kasino, Indro dalam Warkop yang biasa menghiasi televisi kita lagi. Akting si’geulis Dian Sastrowardoyo yang biasa kita harus membayarnya di layar perak jaringan bioskop 21. Kini menghampiri sendiri ke ruang pribadi, rumah-rumah di perkotaan maupun di pelosok nan jauh di sana.

Kuis, Famili 100 pernah fenomenal dan berganti stasiun televisi. Mulai Antv, lanjut ke Indosiar terakhir TV 7. Kuis itu dapat mencapai rating tinggi sekali. Kini mulai kembali kuis yang lebih pada pendekatan pada pelengkap program acara, di sela pertandingan langsung sepak bola, misalnya. Terakhir yang perlu dicermati program mata acara reality show. Indonesian Idol, Mamamia, KDI, hingga Akademi Fantasi Indosiar. Format acaranya sepintas sama, namun pengemasan dan kreativitas sedikit berbeda. Untuk hak pembelian merek Indonesia Idol. RCTI melalui Frementle Media (Production House, besar bersekala Internasional) harus mengeluarkan kocek puluhan milyar, untuk sebuah merek tayangan gabungan Reality Show dan Variety Show.

Format Acara Televisi
Format acara Televisi adalah sebuah perencanaan dasar dari suatu konsep acara televisi yang akan menjadi landasan kreativitas dan desain produksi yang akan terbagi dalam berbagai kriteria yang disesuaikan dengan tujuan dan target pemirsa acara tersebut
Perbedaan antara program acara News dan Art. JB. Wahyudi dalam Askurfiai Baksin membagi menjadi dua bagian perbedaan mendasar antara Karya Artistik dan Jurnalistik.

Karya Artistik
1. Sumber : ide /gagasan
2. Mengutamakan keindahan
3. Isi pesan bisa fiksi maupun nonfiksi
4. Penyajian tidak terikat waktu
5. Sasaran : kepuasan pemirsa
6. Memenuhi rasa kagum
7. Improvisasi tidak terbatas
8. Isi pesan terikat pada kode moral
9. Mengutamakan bahasa bebas (dramatis)
10. Refleksi daya khayal kuat
11. Isi pesan tentang realitas sosial

Karya Jurnalistik
1. sumber : permasalahan hangat
2. Mengutamakan kecepatan/aktualitas
3. Isi pesan harus aktual
4. Penyajiann terikat waktu
5. Sasaran : kepercayaan & kepuasan pemirsa
6. Memenuhi rasa ingin tahu
7. Improvisasi terbatas
8. Isi pesan terikat pada kode etik
9. Menggunakan bahasa jurnalistik
(ekonomi kata dan bahasa)
10. Refleksi penyajian kuat
11.Isi pesan menyerap realitas/faktual.

“Kami poetra dan poetri Indonesia mendjoendjoeng bahasa persatoean, bahasa Melajoe”. Rumusan itulah yang semula diajukan Muhammad Yamin sebagai ikrar ketiga Sumpah Pemuda. Yamin juga menyodorkan alternatif lain sebagai bahasa persatuan, yakni bahasa Jawa karena penuturnya terbanyak. Namun, Sanusi Pane tidak sependapat. Menurut dia, bahasa persatuan bagi nusa dan bangsa Indonesia haruslah bahasa Indonesia, bukan bahasa Melayu atau bahasa Jawa. Peristiwa itu terjadi pada hari terakhir Kerapatan Besar (Kongres) Pemuda I, 30 April-2 Mei 1926, di Batavia. Nama “bahasa Indonesia” untuk pertama kali disebut dan diperdebatkan. Jadi, pada 2 Mei 1926 itulah bahasa Indonesia lahir. Tanggal 2 Mei telanjur identik dengan Hari Pendidikan Nasional. Momen untuk berefleksi sekaligus menghargai jasa Ki Hadjar Dewantara, pendiri Taman Siswa dan Menteri Pendidikan pertama negeri ini, yang lahir 2 Mei 1889. Jika keberadaan bahasa Indonesia dihitung sejak 2 Mei 1926, berarti usianya telah 82 tahun. Sudahkah bahasa Indonesia menjadi pemersatu bangsa? Apakah sebenarnya masalah utama bahasa Indonesia?
Komunitas yang terbayang
Ungkapan klasik “bahasa menunjukkan bangsa” mengisyaratkan pentingnya bahasa sebagai salah satu identitas kebangsaan. Ditempuh berbagai upaya menyinonimkan bahasa dengan bangsa. Deutsch dalam artikel The Trend of European Nationalism: The Language Aspect (1968) mencatat perkembangan full-fledged national languages (bahasa-bahasa nasional yang berkibar penuh) di Eropa. Pada tahun 950 hanya berjumlah 6, tahun 1250 menjadi 17, lalu 30 pada abad ke-19. Pada tahun 1937 tercatat 53 dan terus meningkat hingga beberapa waktu kemudian.
Di belahan lain dunia terjadi hal serupa. Jumlah bahasa nasional bertambah seiring berdirinya negara-negara kebangsaan baru, menyusul dekolonisasi di kelima benua. Usaha menyinonimkan negara-bangsa-bahasa Indonesia merupakan bagian dari fase sejarah itu.
Bahasa persatuan menjadi penting karena—menurut Anderson (Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origins and Spread of Nationalism, 1991)—bangsa (nation) hanya komunitas yang terbayang (imagined community). Dalam bangsa terkecil sekalipun, para warganya tidak akan pernah saling kenal, saling jumpa, dan saling cakap.
Namun, mereka tersatukan sebagai bangsa karena pikiran mereka menghidupi imajinasi tentang kesatuan. Di situlah bahasa berperan. Tidak hanya secara simbolik, tetapi terlebih secara mental, yakni membangun kesadaran bersama di benak semua warga komunitas bangsa.
Dengan segala keterbatasannya, bahasa Indonesia—yang bersumber utama bahasa Melayu—telah berhasil menjadi pengikat simbolik dan mental imagined community bernama “bangsa Indonesia” yang penuh keragaman. Sungguh anugerah besar. Sutan Takdir Alisjahbana (1981) menyebutnya “mukjizat abad ini”.
Sungguh cerdas dan bijaksana langkah para pendiri bangsa sebab memilih bahasa (Indonesia) sebagai penyatu “komunitas imajiner” Indonesia. Sebuah bangsa memang dapat disatukan dengan pengikat simbolik lain, misalnya etnisitas atau agama. Namun, bahasa telah terbukti lebih netral dibandingkan dengan keduanya. Alih-alih menjadi pemersatu, etnisitas dan agama justru berpotensi memicu konflik antarwarga bangsa.
Masalah utama
Bahasa Indonesia terbukti telah berperan sebagai bahasa persatuan. Apalagi setelah UUD 1945 juga mencanangkannya sebagai bahasa resmi negara. Bahasa Indonesia makin luas digunakan dan diajarkan. Terlepas mutu pemakaiannya yang secara rerata belum baik, kedudukannya sebagai bahasa persatuan semakin kokoh.
Masalah utama bahasa Indonesia tidak menyangkut perannya sebagai bahasa persatuan, tetapi terletak pada sifatnya yang begitu terbuka. Keterbukaan itu, di satu sisi, merupakan konsekuensi logis akibat terbatasnya peristilahan bahasa Indonesia, terutama dalam bidang ilmu dan teknologi. Maklum, bangsa ini bukan sang empunya ilmu dan teknologi. Padahal, kata Julian Huxley (1957), ilmu dan teknologi ibarat the religion without revelation (agama tanpa wahyu).
Saat Poerwadarminta meluncurkan Kamus Umum Bahasa Indonesia (1953), jumlah lema tercatat 23.000-an. Pada tahun 1976, Pusat Bahasa menerbitkan kamus serupa dengan tambahan 1.000-an kata baru. Artinya, selama 23 tahun hanya bertambah 1.000-an kata.
Namun, dalam Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (1988) bertambah luar biasa, dari 24.000-an menjadi 62.000-an kata. Berkat kerja sama dengan Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Brunei berhasil dibuat 340.000-an istilah berbagai bidang ilmu. Pusat Bahasa juga berhasil menambah 250.000-an kata baru. Jadi, sudah ada 590.000-an kata berbagai bidang ilmu dan kata umum berjumlah 78.000-an.
Kata-kata baru itu—agar tidak terasing dari komunikasi keilmuan antarbangsa—mayoritas berupa naturalisasi. Penulisan dan/atau pengucapannya diselaraskan dengan kaidah bahasa Indonesia, tetapi sosoknya sebagai kata bahasa asing masih jelas. Tak ayal jika Alif Danya Munsyi (2003)—atau Remy Silado—menyatakan, 9 dari 10 kata bahasa Indonesia adalah asing.
Di pihak lain, keterbukaan telah memicu ketaksetiaan bangsa ini atas bahasa nasionalnya. Ketaksetiaan berwujud penggunaan bahasa campur aduk dalam iklan, nama perusahaan, pengumuman, dan acara-acara televisi yang terlalu melayani selera pasar.
Namun, para pembuat iklan, pemilik perusahaan, dan pengelola acara-acara televisi mungkin akan berkilah. Kecerobohan mereka tidak membahayakan masyarakat, kecuali hanya meresahkan para tata bahasawan normatif. Akibat tindakan para koruptor dan penjarah kekayaan negeri ini—entah berstatus anggota legislatif, gubernur, bupati, petinggi polisi, atau apa pun—jauh lebih menyengsarakan rakyat. Padahal, bahasa Indonesia mereka baik dan benar, logis dan kaya argumentasi.
Agaknya Yamin harus mengubah usulannya menjadi, “Kami poetra dan poetri Indonesia mendjoendjoeng bahasa persatoean, bahasa kebenaran”.
[P. Ari Subagyo, Dosen Fakultas Sastra Universitas Sanata Dharma, Yogyakarta. 3 Mei 2008, Kompas]

Facebook Is Haram ?

Facebook is Haram ? – Facebook Fatwa Haram who want issued by scholars in East Java, the challenges get harder from Facebook users. According to the scholars that they must provide proof that immediately before the issue decision unlawful Facebook.

“Fatwa is really not realistic. Ulama must show proof that the right because Facebook also provides a positive impact, why,” Chandra muttering hero one of Facebook activists, such as that quoted from Okezone.com, Friday (21/05)

Also added, such as social networking site Facebook that would have very strict rules. One example, if Facebook users display images from a chest to the top, then the manager will immediately close it. So be spelled out, Facebook already has its own filter.

In addition, according to men aged 28 years, if the scholars would like to block social networking, Facebook should not only just. Many other social networking sites such as Friendster or Myspace. And if you really like that, the same scholars prohibit the use of the Internet into Indonesia.

“Activities in the virtual world requires the interaction between men and women. And that depends on the individual in private mengontrolnya. Fact be spelled out, which oversees the activities of the virtual world, only himself and the angels,” specifically.

Some other users of Facebook is intensely manage their own opinions of each, but essentially all of which give one vote unanimously, the regret attitude if Facebook MUI akan difatwakan unlawful.

“I agree that the main Facebook spelled forbidden. The problem is that I see more good than keburukannya,” said Cempaka opinions when asked by Okezone. 21 freshman this year also added, Facebook is in helping keep in touch and find back old friends.

This senada expressed by other Facebook users, Adinda, 23 years old, a journalist one of the online media keberatannya issue fatwa haram Facebook.

“It is not important to the fatwa haram Facebook, a relevant aja. Moreover I have never find the facts and data that reveal the impact of Facebook misused for sexual activities hidden. Impact of the poor often I hear this, most just make sure pengaksesnya themselves and I think is still reasonable. Depending same time each is, “he said.

Adinda also add, if so akan Facebook difatwakan forbidden, it should also apply to other social networking sites.

“Indeed, at this time the boom phenomenon Facebook, but if the users are prohibited from accessing Facebook, how about the other social networking sites?. If I want forbidden finicky?. If Facebook closed, they can still switch to other social networking sites,” he said .

Cempaka correct to say that if Facebook difatwakan akan forbidden, it is likely he will switch to using other social networking sites.

“If indeed correct forbidden, I still have some accounts in the social networking sites like MySpace and the other,”

Meanwhile, Apriarto, 27 years, said not a problem for him in case Facebook forbidden. He holds this phenomenon is a fraction of the impact of the internet boom around the world.

However Apriarto them with similar phenomena that have occurred previously, because this does not only happen in Indonesia. On the other country also has many religious objections of the negative impact on various social networking sites.

“Facebook is a chance the current flare. But if the new MUI now give attention on the impact of bad internet boom, where it is MUI? Day gini kok new comments?” explicitly.

Pemilu Pertama 1955

Pemilu 1955

Pemilu 1955. Ini merupakan pemilu yang pertama dalam sejarah bangsa Indonesia. Waktu itu Republik

Indonesia berusia 10 tahun. Kalau dikatakan pemilu merupakan syarat minimal bagi adanya demokrasi, apakah

berarti selama 10 tahun itu Indonesia benar-benar tidak demokratis? Tidak mudah juga menjawab pertanyaan

tersebut. Yang jelas, sebetulnya sekitar tiga bulan setelah kemerdekaan dipro-klamasikan oleh Soekarno dan

Hatta pada 17 Agustus 1945, pemerin-tah waktu itu sudah menyatakan keinginannya untuk bisa menyele-nggarakan

pemilu pada awal tahun 1946. Hal itu dicantumkan dalam Maklumat X, atau Maklumat Wakil Presiden Mohammad

Hatta tanggal 3 Nopember 1945, yang berisi anjuran tentang pembentukan par-tai-partai politik. Maklumat tersebut

menyebutkan, pemilu untuk me-milih anggota DPR dan MPR akan diselenggarakan bulan Januari 1946. Kalau

kemudian ternyata pemilu pertama tersebut baru terselenggara hampir sepuluh tahun setelah kemudian tentu

bukan tanpa sebab. Tetapi, berbeda dengan tujuan yang dimaksudkan oleh Maklumat X, pemilu 1955 dilakukan

dua kali. Yang pertama, pada 29 September 1955 untuk memlih anggota-anggota DPR. Yang kedua, 15 Desember

1955 untuk memilih anggota-anggota Dewan Konstituante. Dalam Maklumat X hanya disebutkan bahwa pemilu yang

akan diadakan Januari 1946 adalah untuk memilih angota DPR dan MPR, tidak ada Konstituante. Keterlambatan

dan “penyimpangan” tersebut bukan tanpa sebab pula. Ada kendala yang bersumber dari dalam negeri

dan ada pula yang berasal dari faktor luar negeri. Sumber penyebab dari dalam antara lain ketidaksiapan pemerintah

menyelenggarakan pemilu, baik karena belum tersedianya perangkat perundang-undangan untuk mengatur

penyelenggaraan pemilu maupun akibat rendahnya stabilitas keamanan negara. Dan yang tidak kalah pentingnya,

penyebab dari dalam itu adalah sikap pemerintah yang enggan menyelenggarakan perkisaran (sirkulasi) kekuasaan

secara teratur dan kompetitif. Penyebab dari luar antara lain serbuan kekuatan asing yang mengharuskan negara

ini terlibat peperangan.

Tidak terlaksananya pemilu pertama pada bulan Januari 1946 seperti yang diamanatkan oleh Maklumat 3

Nopember 1945, paling tidak disebabkan 2 (dua) hal : 1. Belum siapnya pemerintah baru, termasuk dalam

penyusunan perangkat UU Pemilu; 2. Belum stabilnya kondisi keamanan negara akibat konflik internal antar

kekuatan politik yang ada pada waktu itu, apalagi pada saat yang sama gangguan dari luar juga masih

mengancam. Dengan kata lain para pemimpin lebih disibukkan oleh urusan konsolidasi. Namun, tidaklah berarti

bahwa selama masa konsolidasi kekuatan bangsa dan perjuangan mengusir penjajah itu, pemerintah kemudian

tidak berniat untuk menyelenggarakan pemilu. Ada indikasi kuat bahwa pemerintah punya keinginan politik untuk

menyelengga-rakan pemilu. Misalnya adalah dibentuknya UU No. UU No 27 tahun 1948 tentang Pemilu, yang

kemudian diubah dengan UU No. 12 tahun 1949 tentang Pemilu. Di dalam UU No 12/1949 diamanatkan bahwa

pemilihan umum yang akan dilakukan adalah bertingkat (tidak langsung). Sifat pemilihan tidak langsung ini didasarkan

pada alasan bahwa mayoritas warganegara Indonesia pada waktu itu masih buta huruf, sehingga kalau

pemilihannya langsung dikhawatirkan akan banyak terjadi distorsi. Kemudian pada paroh kedua tahun 1950, ketika

Mohammad Natsir dari Masyumi menjadi Perdana Menteri, pemerintah memutuskan untuk menjadikan pemilu

sebagai program kabinetnya. Sejak itu pembahasan UU Pemilu mulai dilakukan lagi, yang dilakukan oleh Panitia

Sahardjo dari Kantor Panitia Pemilihan Pusat sebelum kemudian dilanjutkan ke parlemen. Pada waktu itu Indonesia

kembali menjadi negara kesatuan, setelah sejak 1949 menjadi negara serikat dengan nama Republik Indonesia

Serikat (RIS). Setelah Kabinet Natsir jatuh 6 bulan kemudian, pembahasan RUU Pemilu dilanjutkan oleh

pemerintahan Sukiman Wirjosandjojo, juga dari Masyumi. Pemerintah ketika itu berupaya menyelenggarakan pemilu

karena pasal 57 UUDS 1950 menyatakan bahwa anggota DPR dipilih oleh rakyat melalui pemilihan umum.

Tetapi pemerintah Sukiman juga tidak berhasil menuntaskan pembahasan undang-undang pemilu tersebut.

Selanjutnya UU ini baru selesai dibahas oleh parlemen pada masa pemerintahan Wilopo dari PNI pada tahun 1953.

Maka lahirlah UU No. 7 Tahun 1953 tentang Pemilu. UU inilah yang menjadi payung hukum Pemilu 1955 yang

diselenggarakan secara langsung, umum, bebas dan rahasia. Dengan demikian UU No. 27 Tahun 1948 tentang

Pemilu yang diubah dengan UU No. 12 tahun 1949 yang mengadopsi pemilihan bertingkat (tidak langsung) bagi

anggota DPR tidak berlaku lagi. Patut dicatat dan dibanggakan bahwa pemilu yang pertama kali tersebut berhasil

diselenggarakan dengan aman, lancar, jujur dan adil serta sangat demokratis. Pemilu 1955 bahkan mendapat pujian

dari berbagai pihak, termasuk dari negara-negara asing. Pemilu ini diikuti oleh lebih 30-an partai politik dan lebih

dari seratus daftar kumpulan dan calon perorangan. Yang menarik dari Pemilu 1955 adalah tingginya kesadaran

berkom-petisi secara sehat. Misalnya, meski yang menjadi calon anggota DPR adalah perdana menteri dan menteri

yang sedang memerintah, mereka tidak menggunakan fasilitas negara dan otoritasnya kepada pejabat bawahan

untuk menggiring pemilih yang menguntungkan partainya. Karena itu sosok pejabat negara tidak dianggap sebagai

pesaing yang menakutkan dan akan memenangkan pemilu dengan segala cara. Karena pemilu kali ini dilakukan

untuk dua keperluan, yaitu memilih anggota DPR dan memilih anggota Dewan Kons-tituante, maka hasilnya pun perlu

dipaparkan semuanya.

Hasil Pemilu 1955 untuk Anggota DPR. No. Partai/Nama Daftar Suara % Kursi

Partai Nasional Indonesia (PNI) 8.434.653 22,32 57 2.

Masyumi 7.903.886 20,92 57 3.

Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) 6.955.141 18,41 45 4.

Partai Komunis Indonesia (PKI) 6.179.914 16,36 39 5.

Partai Syarikat Islam Indonesia (PSII) 1.091.160 2,89 8 6.

Partai Kristen Indonesia (Parkindo) 1.003.326 2,66 8 7.

Partai Katolik 770.740 2,04 6 8.

Partai Sosialis Indonesia (PSI) 753.191 1,99 5 9.

Ikatan Pendukung Kemerdekaan Indonesia (IPKI) 541.306 1,43 4 10.

Pergerakan Tarbiyah Islamiyah (Perti) 483.014 1,28 4 11.

Partai Rakyat Nasional (PRN) 242.125 0,64 2 12.

Partai Buruh 224.167 0,59 2 13.

Gerakan Pembela Panca Sila (GPPS) 219.985 0,58 2 14.

Partai Rakyat Indonesia (PRI) 206.161 0,55 2 15.

Persatuan Pegawai Polisi RI (P3RI) 200.419 0,53 2 16.

Murba 199.588 0,53 2 17.

Baperki 178.887 0,47 1 18.

Persatuan Indoenesia Raya (PIR) Wongsonegoro 178.481 0,47 1 19.

Grinda 154.792 0,41 1 20.

Persatuan Rakyat Marhaen Indonesia (Permai) 149.287 0,40 1 21.

Persatuan Daya (PD) 146.054 0,39 1 22.

PIR Hazairin 114.644 0,30 1 23.

Partai Politik Tarikat Islam (PPTI) 85.131 0,22 1 24.

AKUI 81.454 0,21 1 25.

Persatuan Rakyat Desa (PRD) 77.919 0,21 1 26.

Partai Republik Indonesis Merdeka (PRIM) 72.523 0,19 1 27.

Angkatan Comunis Muda (Acoma) 64.514 0,17 1 28.

R.Soedjono Prawirisoedarso 53.306 0,14

Lain-lain 1.022.433 2,71 – Jumlah 37.785.299 100,00 257 Pemilu

untuk anggota Dewan Konstituante dilakukan tanggal 15 Desember 1955. Jumlah kursi anggota Konstituante dipilih

sebanyak 520, tetapi di Irian Barat yang memiliki jatah 6 kursi tidak ada pemilihan. Maka kursi yang dipilih hanya 514.

Hasil pemilihan anggota Dewan Konstituante menunjukkan bahwa PNI, NU dan PKI meningkat dukungannya,

sementara Masyumi, meski tetap menjadi pemenang kedua, perolehan suaranya merosot 114.267 dibanding-kan

suara yang diperoleh dalam pemilihan anggota DPR. Peserta pemilihan anggota Konstituante yang mendapatkan

kursi itu adalah sebagai berikut: Hasil Pemilu 1955 untuk Anggota Konstituante. No. Partai/Nama

Daftar Suara % Kursi 1.

Partai Nasional Indonesia (PNI) 9.070.218 23,97 119 2.

Masyumi 7.789.619 20,59 112 3.

Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) 6.989.333 18,47 91 4.

Partai Komunis Indonesia (PKI) 6.232.512 16,47 80 5.

Partai Syarikat Islam Indonesia (PSII) 1.059.922 2,80 16 6.

Partai Kristen Indonesia (Parkindo) 988.810 2,61 16 7.

Partai Katolik 748.591 1,99 10 8.

Partai Sosialis Indonesia (PSI) 695.932 1,84 10 9.

Ikatan Pendukung Kemerdekaan Indonesia (IPKI) 544.803 1,44 8 10.

Pergerakan Tarbiyah Islamiyah (Perti) 465.359 1,23 7 11.

Partai Rakyat Nasional (PRN) 220.652 0,58 3 12.

Partai Buruh 332.047 0,88 5 13.

Gerakan Pembela Panca Sila (GPPS) 152.892 0,40 2 14.

Partai Rakyat Indonesia (PRI) 134.011 0,35 2 15.

Persatuan Pegawai Polisi RI (P3RI) 179.346 0,47 3 16.

Murba 248.633 0,66 4 17.

Baperki 160.456 0,42 2 18.

Persatuan Indoenesia Raya (PIR) Wongsonegoro 162.420 0,43 2 19.

Grinda 157.976 0,42 2 20.

Persatuan Rakyat Marhaen Indonesia (Permai) 164.386 0,43 2 21.

Persatuan Daya (PD) 169.222 0,45 3 22.

PIR Hazairin 101.509 0,27 2 23.

Partai Politik Tarikat Islam (PPTI) 74.913 0,20 1 24.

AKUI 84.862 0,22 1 25.

Persatuan Rakyat Desa (PRD) 39.278 0,10 1 26.

Partai Republik Indonesis Merdeka (PRIM) 143.907 0,38 2 27.

Angkatan Comunis Muda (Acoma) 55.844 0,15 1 28.

R.Soedjono Prawirisoedarso 38.356 0,10 1 29.

Gerakan Pilihan Sunda 35.035 0,09 1 30.

Partai Tani Indonesia 30.060 0,08 1 31.

Radja Keprabonan 33.660 0,09 1 32.

Gerakan Banteng Republik Indonesis (GBRI) 39.874 0,11 33.

PIR NTB 33.823 0,09 1 34.

L.M.Idrus Effendi 31.988 0,08 1

lain-lain 426.856 1,13 Jumlah 37.837.105 514

Periode Demokrasi Terpimpin. Sangat disayangkan, kisah sukses Pemilu 1955 akhirnya tidak bisa dilanjutkan dan

hanya menjadi catatan emas sejarah. Pemilu pertama itu tidak berlanjut dengan pemilu kedua lima tahun beri-kutnya,

meskipun tahun 1958 Pejabat Presiden Sukarno sudah melantik Panitia Pemilihan Indonesia II. Yang terjadi

kemudian adalah berubahnya format politik dengan keluarnya Dekrit Presiden 5 Juli 1959, sebuah keputusan presiden

untuk membubarkan Konstituante dan pernyataan kembali ke UUD 1945 yang diperkuat angan-angan Presiden

Soekarno menguburkan partai-partai. Dekrit itu kemudian mengakhiri rezim demokrasi dan mengawali otoriterianisme

kekuasaan di Indonesia, yang – meminjam istilah Prof. Ismail Sunny — sebagai kekuasaan negara bukan

lagi mengacu kepada democracy by law, tetapi democracy by decree. Otoriterianisme pemerintahan Presiden

Soekarno makin jelas ketika pada 4 Juni 1960 ia membubarkan DPR hasil Pemilu 1955, setelah sebelumnya dewan

legislatif itu menolak RAPBN yang diajukan pemerintah. Presiden Soekarno secara sepihak dengan senjata Dekrit 5

Juli 1959 membentuk DPR-Gotong Royong (DPR-GR) dan MPR Sementara (MPRS) yang semua anggotanya

diangkat presiden. Pengangkatan keanggotaan MPR dan DPR, dalam arti tanpa pemi-lihan, memang tidak

bertentangan dengan UUD 1945. Karena UUD 1945 tidak memuat klausul tentang tata cara memilih anggota DPR

dan MPR. Tetapi, konsekuensi pengangkatan itu adalah terkooptasi-nya kedua lembaga itu di bawah presiden.

Padahal menurut UUD 1945, MPR adalah pemegang kekuasaan tertinggi, sedangkan DPR neben atau sejajar

dengan presiden. Sampai Presiden Soekarno diberhentikan oleh MPRS melalui Sidang Istimewa bulan Maret

1967 (Ketetapan XXXIV/MPRS/ 1967) setelah meluasnya krisis politik, ekonomi dan sosial pascakudeta G 30 S/PKI

yang gagal semakin luas, rezim yang kemudian dikenal dengan sebutan Demokrasi Terpimpin itu tidak pernah

sekalipun menyelenggarakan pemilu. Malah tahun 1963 MPRS yang anggotanya diangkat menetapkan Soekarno,

orang yang mengangkatnya, sebagai presiden seumur hidup. Ini adalah satu bentuk kekuasaan otoriter yang

mengabaikan kemauan rakyat tersalurkan lewat pemilihan berkala.

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